《蓬莱山西灶还丹歌》

Song Formula for Refining the Returned Elixir at the Western Stove of Mount Penglai, Part One.

Composed by Huang Xuanzhong, Inspector-General and Grand Master of Splendid Happiness of the Gold and Purple Seal, of the Han dynasty.

Your servant has heard that the wren builds its nest on but a single branch, and the mole, drinking at the river, takes no more than its belly can hold. Your Majesty's renown surpasses that of Lord Donghu, and your governance is as gentle as the southern wind, so that the people of the realm live in peace and contentment. This being so, why do you prize the glory of an emperor so highly, yet hold in contempt the Way (Dao) of immortality and deathlessness?

During the Yuanfeng era, your servant received an imperial edict to travel to Penglai in search of marvelous arts. On the journey I endured the perils of the sea and passed through dark and dangerous places, undaunted by hardship, seeking only the supreme Dao. Later, by Your Majesty's grace, my loyalty was commended, and I was able to meet a great immortal and was personally granted a spiritual medicine, which I sincerely presented to Your Majesty. I never expected that Your Majesty would heed treacherous courtiers, regard the medicine as something false and perverse, and instead bestow it back upon me to take myself. When I left the court I was grieved and disappointed. I had not yet toured the whole of the immortals' palaces, and the ten-year term we had agreed upon is nearly at hand; I fear there will be no further chance to meet at leisure.

Later your servant heard that Your Majesty had sent Dongfang Shuo to summon the Queen Mother of the West, and had also set up a dew-collecting plate through the night, and from this I knew that Your Majesty already felt deep regret. I have further heard that in serving one's sovereign one ought to be loyal, and among friends one ought to keep faith: those disloyal to their sovereign are condemned by all the ministers together, and those unfaithful to their friends are abandoned by them. At the Western Stove of the Shaowei Hall in the Ziyang Palace, I personally learned the marvelous method of refining the Returned Elixir, and have secretly recorded it according to the formula. I humbly beg Your Majesty to accept the counsel of a loyal subject and act in accordance with this method, and not, as before, to listen to the words of petty worldly men.

When refining the medicine, let Chen Fangjing, Reminder of the Left, be responsible for pounding and compounding the ingredients, and Zhou Zhenyi, Assistant Secretary of the Right, watch over the fire. Your servant's son Zhicheng will be in charge of opening the furnace, setting up the ritual offering (jiao), and similar matters; all must be done with utmost care. May Your Majesty cultivate with sincerity and soon meet the Immortal of Purple Jade, and grow a golden-boned immortal body.

Let Your Majesty not overvalue the splendor of palaces and gardens such as the Hanyuan Hall, nor think the northern gate-towers and western halls so magnificent. The music and dance overseen by the Court of Imperial Sacrifices are not enough to be called sublime, and the consorts within the palace have only ordinary worldly looks. Penglai is the truly wondrous place, and for this reason it is called the immortals' mountain: there are the Sun Hall, the Moon Palace, cloud chambers, and golden pavilions; the halls gleam with gold and jade, and the towers shine like coral; spirit magpies circle around the lingzhi fungus, and phoenix-like luan birds soar among the jade trees. Celestial youths and jade maidens come and go, the liquid in the cauldrons boils, and immortal music and song never cease; rare birds and beasts arrive at dawn and do not rest until night. Beyond the crystal curtains a clear breeze blows, and within the jasper gates there seems to be a fine, tinkling rain. One sip of the jade nectar extends life a thousand years; one dose of the great medicine grants life for ten thousand. The immortals may see, as they please, the blue sea become mulberry fields and the mulberry fields become the sea again; at times they attend the Celestial Elder at court, at times they enjoy themselves at the cloud gates, and they also descend to Yingzhou to seek treasures.

The exalted station of an earthly sovereign is not enough to make one truly honored, and the officials who assist in government cannot be called truly eminent. Why does Your Majesty not enter the realm of the immortals in person, instead of clinging painfully to the human world? In the end you will only watch your own coffin be laid in a stone chamber and your body buried in the yellow earth, while your descendants make empty offerings and pour wine at a cold tomb; all this will arrive in the blink of an eye. Even a hundred years as emperor cannot compare with a single day as an immortal. I beg Your Majesty to consider this carefully and not to take the road of self-destruction. Your servant respectfully sends this memorial by the hand of the Nanyang medicine-bearing boy. Huang Xuanzhong, Right Senior Vice-Director of Ziwei of Nanyang on Mount Penglai, kowtows and respectfully submits this memorial.

All of you, my subjects, should recommend and uphold this sacred Dao (the Way). There is no other path in the world. The essentials are fasting, purity, and focused, quiet contemplation, together with setting up the elixir furnace and stove. In the work, one must not violate the rules of alchemy, and every movement and the starting of the heat must accord with the Way of Heaven. The mineral medicines and other materials used must all be of the finest herbs, without error. These ingredients were originally presented as tribute by the various prefectures, and only three of them come from this mountain of mine. The rest are replaced by six common herbs found among the people, listed below.

The Song of the Mineral Medicines and Yellow Sprout, in five-character verse, is a formula for refining the Yellow Sprout. It also records the herbs' appearance, names, harvest seasons, and properties. The whole work gathers one hundred and seventy-two herb songs, one hundred and sixty-eight poems in total.

First: Making the Yellow Sprout

The verse says:

"Spread out the Ren layer upon layer, / lead and yellow powder, one stratum after another. / Ox, Rooster, white, and yellow, the three colors, / blended with salty brine according to the Eastern Tail, their flavors in accord. / Set them upon Bing and Ding (the position of fire), / and place them together in the crimson flames."

Following the verse, the materials must be spread in layers, using the exhaustion of Ren as the standard, which corresponds to the summer solstice. Grinding with ice-stone works best. Treat them by the "Eastern Tail" method. Days such as Jia, Wu, Geng, Chu, and Ding are unsuitable for the work.

Second: Dew-Countenance Herb

The Dew-Countenance Herb is commonly called "Earth Record" and is called "Stone Record" in ancient books. Its stem and flowers are red. It is poisonous and damages the body's meridians. It grows among rocks and is produced in Henan. According to the numerological tradition, it flourishes on Jia and Yi days and withers on Wu and Ji days, and it corresponds especially to Jiayin days. Its leaves are round. It is gathered twenty days after the spring equinox, and the best grade can be used to treat malignant sores. It corresponds to the spring equinox.

The verse says:

"This herb is found among the people too, / but that of Henan is the most precious. / Take it, blend it with mercury, and refine it by dotting, / and in a single night its natural efficacy will appear."

Third: Frost-Countenance Herb

Called "Tianya" (Heaven's Edge), and referred to in the books as "Baiwei," its medicinal properties are the same as the previous herb. It grows beside roads in the south. According to the numerological arts, it belongs to Jia and Ren and avoids Wu and Gui. Three flowers grow among its vines; the flowering period corresponds to the Summer Solstice, and it is gathered after the Beginning of Spring.

Its distant vines climb the mountain cliffs, and the leaves of its three flowers face the peak.

Once picked, it is buried in the position belonging to Yi, and then, following the method of the Eastern Tail Lodge, it is returned to the positions of Gui and Ren.

Double-Husband Herb, Number Four

Commonly called "Fuman," and referred to in the books as "Ziqiong" (Purple Jade). Its medicinal properties are the same as the previous herb, and it can treat consumptive illness. It is produced in Annan Prefecture. According to the numerological arts, it belongs to Bing and Ding and avoids Jia and Ji. Its leaves are purple tinged with green and vary in size; the flowering period corresponds to Minor Heat, and it is harvested after the Beginning of Summer.

Its vines grow between heaven and water, and it blooms in pools, with stones beside the flowers. After passing a night, the medicine is considered mature only when the hours of Bing and Ding arrive, and it must be used after its form has become firm.

Shitian, Number Five

Commonly called "Lun Grass," and referred to in the books as "Wu Grass." Its medicinal nature is bland and toxic. It grows in the north, is golden in appearance, and turns blue-green when fully grown. According to the numerological arts, it belongs to Jia and Ren and avoids Ding and Mao. It can treat mercury sickness as well as intestinal wind disorders.

Its pointed leaves spread across the ground, and when searching the mountains one can see its green leaves unfolding.

Its juice should be used at the Summer Solstice; picking must wait until the wild geese return.

Shixuan, Number Six

Commonly called "Tuman," and referred to in the books as "Luzhi." Its medicinal nature is mild, and it can make mercury solid; its color is blue-green. According to the numerological arts, it belongs to Wu and Ji and avoids Ding and Ren. It can treat paralysis of the abdomen. The flowering period corresponds to Minor Heat, and it is harvested after the Beginning of Autumn.

Its black vines bear blue-green leaves, and it grows in the marshes of the wilds.

Placed unhurriedly in the position of Bing, it alone can bring its great efficacy into play.

Ten-Thousand-Year Spring, Number Seven

Commonly called "Shuilan" (Water Indigo), and referred to in the books as "Dijing" (Earth Mirror). Its medicinal nature is cold, and it grows in Jiangnan Circuit. It resembles the indigo plant: blue-green when young, turning red when old. According to the numerological arts, it belongs to Wu and Ding and avoids Jia and Ji. It can treat childhood malnutrition (gan accumulation). The flowering period corresponds to the Major Cold, and it is picked ten days after the Spring Equinox.

Its leaves are pointed and blue-green, turning reddish when ripe, and shaped like indigo;

it grows both on high mountains and in deep pools.

First it is made a dwelling together with the Returned Elixir, and it can also make the medicine cool in nature and sweet in taste.

Also called "Dimu" (Earth Curtain), and written in the texts as "Qingqiao" (Green Bridge). It is mild in nature and is gathered ten days later.

Verse:

Its green tips blush with red, and it looks like indigo grass. Some grow on high mountains, others beside deep pools. It first shares a dwelling with the returned elixir (the elixir medicine used in alchemy), and it also helps make the medicinal properties harmonious and the taste sweet.

Thousand-Autumn Brocade, No. 8

Among the people it is called "Dimu," and in the texts it is written "Qingqiao." It is mild in nature and grows in Jiannan. According to the Five Phases and the stem-and-branch system, it is born on jia and yi days and perishes on wu and ji days. Its leaves are as large as a palm and wrinkled on the surface, and it can treat "great wind" (the ancient name for severe skin disease). It corresponds to the solar term Great Heat (Dashu) and is gathered after the Beginning of Summer.

Verse:

Its leaves are firm and compact, and its flowers open far off by a mountain stream. When mature, its tip turns green; when young, its leaves are round. Only that from Jiannan is the finest, and the realized ones (those who have attained accomplishment in cultivation) call it the "grass of the Dantian" (energy center).

Annual Spring, No. 9

Among the people it is called "Yinzhi" (Shade Fungus), and in the texts it is written "Qingxin" (Green Heart). It is hot in nature and grows in the Lingnan circuit. According to the Five Phases and the stem-and-branch system, it is born on wu and ren days and perishes on ding and ji days. Its leaves are purple, and it can treat "white wind" (the ancient name for a skin disease). It corresponds to the solar term Clear and Bright (Qingming) and is gathered after the Beginning of Autumn.

Verse:

Purple leaves and green branches grow far off by the water's edge. When the spring wind comes, a quiet fragrance naturally drifts out. The red, unfurling flowers and leaves are especially loved by the immortals, and the eight stone medicines (the minerals commonly used in alchemy) must also be blended with it.

Cold Cicada Leaf, No. 10

Among the people it is called "Meicao" (Fine Grass), also "Wencao" (Warm Grass), and it grows in Bapeng Prefecture. Its form resembles the wing-like leaf of a cicada, and its seedlings are green tinged with red.

Verse:

Purple leaves and green branches grow far off by the water's edge. When the spring wind comes, a quiet fragrance naturally drifts out. The red, unfurling flowers and leaves are especially loved by the immortals, and the eight stone medicines must also be blended with it.

Among the people it is called "Meicao," also "Wencao," and it grows in Bapeng Prefecture. Its form resembles a cicada's leaf, and the color of its seedlings wavers between green and red. According to the Five Phases and the stem-and-branch system, it is born on wu and ding days and withers on jia and xu days, and it can treat red and white vaginal discharge (abnormal gynecological secretions). It corresponds to the solar term Rain Water (Yushui) and is gathered after the Beginning of Autumn.

Verse:

Its leaves are like cicada wings and its leaf-bands like cords, and it often grows beside pools, mirrored in clear water. When the time for use is right, combine it according to the number "three-five," and blend eight zhu of gold powder into three sheng of its juice.

Thousand Spirits, No. 11

Among the people it is called "Shuihao" (Water Mugwort), and in the texts it is written "Baizhangzhi." It is cool in nature and grows in the lands of the Fan (the western frontier peoples). Its form resembles mugwort, with few leaves, and its color is green. According to the Five Phases and the stem-and-branch system, it is born on bing and wu days and perishes on jia and ren days, and it can treat malignant sores and "wine disorder" (ailments related to drinking). It corresponds to the solar term Awakening of Insects (Jingzhe) and is gathered after the Beginning of Winter.

Verse:

Hidden among the leaves, the green branch carries a sour tang; the Realized Person (zhenren) gathers it and brings it into the Golden Elixir (jindan).

Then, once the elixir is formed, it is simmered in cold spring water, and in this way it naturally subdues the toxic wind and cold.

Its leaves are blue-green, and within the stem it seems that a liquor has been brewed; it grows among graves. When it blooms it bears thorns, and the flowers resemble raspberries.

If the Returned Elixir (a term from Daoist alchemy) cannot be refined in the pool, how could an immortal ever obtain a soul that lasts ten thousand years without decay?

Gong Wu Qu (No. 16)

Commonly called "stone vine," and named "Runchun" in the classics, it grows on Mount Nanshan near Chang'an. Its leaves resemble bean leaves, and its vines are purple. It sprouts on Ding and Ji days and withers on Wu and Ren days. It can treat malignant sores. It corresponds to the solar term Great Cold, and the finest harvest comes after White Dew.

The song says:

In Chang'an, clusters of purple shadows appear; they grow in early spring, and their color withstands the cold. When gathering them, guard against heavy rain, and beware of uncanny things that peer in.

Tian Jing Han (No. 17)

Commonly called "stone fan," and named "Beiqing" in the classics, it grows in Henan Circuit. Each branch bears a single leaf. It sprouts on Wu and Ren days and dies on Jia and Ji days. It can treat cold disorders. It corresponds to the solar term Beginning of Summer; the original text is missing the passage on the harvest season, but the finest harvest is noted.

The song says:

Its leaves are like round fans, growing out to the cliff's edge; each plant puts forth only a single stem. If it grows beside burial mounds or dead springs, its medicinal power fails; only in places where human traces vanish and not even a dog is seen does its spiritual efficacy appear.

Xiaoxiao Yin (No. 18)

Commonly called "purple cowrie vine," and named "cliff mugwort" in the classics, it is cold in nature and grows in Sanyuan County. Its leaves are pointed. It corresponds to the solar term White Dew, and the finest harvest comes after the Winter Solstice.

The song says:

Its branches shoot out and its vines trail along, growing amid the "gold and orchid" bonds of friendship; yet only when a Perfected One (zhenren) takes it in hand can its power be seen. If you wish to ascend the Purple Tenuity Palace and enter the heavenly realm, let this radiance shine upon the altar of the immortals.

Shijie Hong (No. 19)

Commonly called "stone blanket," and named "earth pattern" in the classics, it is warm in nature and grows in Yangzhou. It resembles duckweed, with slender stems. It sprouts on Yi and Gui days and dies on You and Xu days. It can treat all manner of disorders and discomforts of the five viscera. It corresponds to the solar term Minor Cold, and the finest harvest comes after the Beginning of Summer.

The song says:

Its shape seems clipped from beside a green cliff's stone; "Purple Pavilion" and "Penglai" are its two names. Boil a single stalk of Danyang herb together with mercury, and when it is later refined in the fire, no sound of bronze vessels will be heard.

Xianjie Zhi (No. 20)

Commonly called "Stone Sai," and referred to in the book as "Nine Accumulations," this herb is cool in nature and grows in Henan. It is slender and pointed in shape, with its stem nodes growing in clusters. According to the Five Phases (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) system of stems and branches, it is born on Wu and Ding days and dies on Yi and Gui days. It can treat feverish oppression and beriberi. It corresponds to the Autumn Equinox season and is harvested after the Beginning of Winter.

The song says:

Originally there was no such herb in heaven, yet in the human world this plant exists. People do not recognize it, so it withers alone.

Today I openly reveal this precious secret: it is born on Wu and Ding days and dies on Yi and Gui days, and it can treat feverish oppression and beriberi. It corresponds to the Autumn Equinox season and is harvested after the Beginning of Winter. From now on, may the sovereign remember its name.

Bian Jintai, No. 21

Commonly called "Horse Amaranth," and referred to in the book as "Green Subtlety," this herb is cold in nature and grows in Heyang Prefecture. Its leaves are pointed yet rounded, with undulating edges. According to the Five Phases system of stems and branches, it is born on Jia and Ding days and dies on Ren and Ji days. It can treat sores and malignant growths. It corresponds to the Cold Dew season and is harvested after the Beginning of Winter.

The song says:

Before it had become an immortal, it plucked several hundred sprigs of "Golden Terrace."

After three cycles of the sixty-year sexagenary count, that is, three rounds of the sixty-Jiazi cycle, it rode auspicious clouds up to heaven three years later.

Qing Jinwei, No. 22

Commonly called "Stone Branch," and referred to in the book as "Upper Distance," this herb grows in Leyang and can treat blockage of the ear canal.

The song says:

In the cold season its leaves grow in thick clusters, encircling the roads; in heaven it is regarded as a treasure, yet in the world it is exceedingly rare.

Put it into a pot with white nightshade and boil it, and only then will you know how wondrous this medicine is.

Gao Tianzhi, No. 23

Commonly called "Capital Cinnabar," and referred to in the book as "Heaven's Negation," this herb grows in Luozhou and can treat wind stroke.

The song says:

Fruits like red pearls hang on a verdant tree, and the Aster Immortal gave it another name.

Together with Danyang it also turns white, and only then would Green Subtlety consent to enter the Dark Obscurity.

Zhuan Yaochi, No. 24

Commonly called "Jade Pool Willow," and referred to in the book as "Flower Fungus," this herb grows in Jiangzhou. Its stem is bluish-white and its leaves are slender and pointed. It can treat toothache and wind-type childhood malnutrition.

Mountain-Courtyard Jade Willow never really existed as such, and even the version said to remain in the human world has grown distant and distorted.

When gathering the herb, take only a small amount and place it in the immortal pouch of the medicine garden. Do not keep any excess.

Wanchenghe (Ten Thousand Accomplishments Lotus), Number Twenty-Five.

Commonly called mountain sweet chrysanthemum, and called Pingfu in the books. It looks like sweet chrysanthemum and can treat ghost qi (qi, 气). The song says:

The master ascended in broad daylight and became an immortal, and it was because he decoctioned and drank this medicine every night. When the time comes to gather it, put it into the pouch at once. Do not leave any behind, and do not carry it on a long journey across the Five Lakes.

Sijuzhou (Awaiting the Great Boat), Number Twenty-Six.

Commonly called stone mulberry, and called Jingzhi in the books. It grows in the southern borderlands. Its leaves resemble mulberry leaves, and it can grow into a tree. It can treat all kinds of wind disorders. The song says:

It is bright red and radiant, growing on high slopes, and so it appears mostly in sunlit places. Once gathered, use it promptly. Do not let it travel far, and do not wait until you have crossed rivers to use it.

Tianshang Xuan (Mystery Above the Heavens), Number Twenty-Seven.

Commonly called stone sweet herb, and called Digan in the books. It is produced in Zhongwan Prefecture. Its leaves are green and it grows on rocks. It can treat stomach reflux. The song says:

Within the stone, fire seems to lie hidden, and within the fire, in turn, hides Yin (Yin-Yang, 阴阳) qi. Yang is concealed within and gives rise to life, and its efficacy may be compared to gold. When gathering the herb, listen for dogs barking. If it is picked while a dog is barking, the herb can no longer be used.

Shi Tianqin (Stone Heavenly Zither), Number Twenty-Eight.

Commonly called stone possibility, and called Huanzhi in the books. Its leaves come in three colors, and it can treat all kinds of wind disorders. The song says:

In the regions of Jingzhou and Huangjun, the people all fall ill. The sick have been struck by the earth qi of the place. Add the herb to the Returned Elixir (Huandan), decoct it overnight, and take it. From then on, for a hundred years, one will no longer be troubled by wind disorders.

Maozhang (Hairy Emblem), Number Twenty-Nine.

Commonly called Dacheng, and called Linzhi in the books. Its nature is cold and cool, and it is produced in Henan Circuit. Its form resembles... The content recorded in the song is the same as in the previous entry: the local people often fall ill because they are struck by the earth qi of the place. Add the herb to the Returned Elixir, decoct it overnight, and take it, and one will be free from wind disorders for a hundred years.

The herb Dacheng is popularly called "Dacheng" and recorded in the book as "Linzhi" (Forest Zhi). Its nature is cold, and it grows in Henan Circuit. It resembles the qiju chrysanthemum and can be used to treat wind jaundice.

The verse says: Its root and stem are like unhewn wood, and its flowers cluster around the nodes. Fine, soft down wraps the seeds, which grow in separate branches. It is a pity that, although such a thing exists in the world, few people know what it truly is.

These eight herbs, according to the Five Phases (Wuxing) and the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, are born on Jia and Ren days and die on Yi and Gui days. They correspond to the Winter Solstice and should be sought and gathered after the Beginning of Spring.

Chengwansui (No. 30)

Popularly called "Five Numinous Zhi" (Wulingzhi), it is given no name in the book. Its leaves are purple and its nature is cold. It can be used to treat ailments such as ghost qi and heart-evil.

The verse says: Its vines sway and stretch, rising from Chang'an. Its flowers open to meet the snow and reach up to the heights. It does not seek the splendor of spring, but quietly sets full, solid fruit. The Celestial Maiden of Daluo (a female immortal in Daoist mythology) has eaten it for a long time.

Sujinhan (No. 31)

Popularly called "Wrinkled Face" (Zhoumian), it is recorded in the book as "Wuzhi." Its nature is warm, and it grows in Hengzhou. Its leaves are as large as a palm and wrinkled on the surface. It can be used to treat wind tinea.

The verse says: Its leaves spread across the sandy ground and grow everywhere. Immortals often plant it around their celestial courts. If you know to pick it on Wu, Ji, Geng, and Xin days, the herb, once gathered, will commune with the spirits.

Hu Juhua (No. 32)

Popularly called "Yangliuchi," it is recorded in the book as "Lanxin Herb." Its nature is warm. Its leaves resemble willow leaves, and it grows trailing vines. It can be used to regulate blood and qi disorders in women.

The verse says: Gold is scattered among the emerald-green leaves, and the branches stretch out. The sparse green leaves twine around the heights. Gather it, vines and all, in the third month of spring. The phrase "mercury burning in fire" borrows the language of alchemy to describe the herb being refined in fire.

These three herbs, according to the Five Phases and the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, are born on Wu, Ji, and Ding days and die on Jia and Yi days. They correspond to the Great Cold solar term and should be sought and gathered after the Beginning of Winter.

Commonly called "Hushuman," it is referred to in the book as "Beauty's Countenance" (Meirong). It is hot in nature and toxic, and it can treat poisoning from insects and snakes. It is produced in Meiyuan County and resembles "shuyu" (yam).

The song says:

Its leaves are thick and sturdy, green and gleaming like gold, and it likes to grow beside streams. It is a pity that this immortal medicine has been misunderstood by ordinary people.

If you wish to ascend to the heavens, you need only use this herb as a cloud ladder.

Yuzhanchun (No. 34)

Commonly called "Mountain Hu," it is referred to in the book as "River Spring" (Jiangchun). It is warm in nature and is produced in the kingdom of Khotan. It grows three leaves that resemble elm leaves, and it can treat wind disorders.

The song says:

Each plant bears three leaves, and from afar the leaves look like those of the elm.

After the winter solstice, as the spring festival draws near, the immortals walk in the pace of "pacing the void" (the ritual steps of Pacing the Dipper and Pacing the Void in Daoist ceremony).

Jingdouman (No. 35)

Commonly called "True Zhi," it has no name recorded in the book. It is warm in nature and is produced in Jiannan. It grows three leaves resembling bean leaves, and it can treat blood-wind (a wind disorder related to disharmony of blood and Qi).

The song says:

Every leaf holds an immortal intent; in emptiness and stillness one can grasp the sound of the Dao.

Store it in a golden cabinet for thirty days; there is no need to wait until it is deep to put it in.

Yehemu (No. 36)

Commonly called "Returning Heart" (Huanxin), it is referred to in the book as "Pine South" (Songnan), and it is produced in Shangzhou. When grown into a tree, its leaves are small, and at night they close together. It can treat heart-madness (a category of illnesses involving mental disorder).

The song says:

A fine tree with drooping new leaves: they open in the morning and the branches close at dusk.

It is a pity that this tree of heaven is enough to carry ordinary people up in ascension.

Zifangtian (No. 37)

Commonly called "Poplar-Leaf Mustard," it has no name recorded in the book. It is hot in nature and is produced in Qingzhou. Its leaves resemble poplar leaves, are several inches long, and contain sap. It can treat all kinds of wind pathogens.

The song says:

Small leaves grow beside the mountain, planted by the Perfected One with their own hands.

From this point you can recognize the true medicine, and right now you may set out for Tiantai.

Wang □ (No. 38)

Commonly called "Green Wind" (Qingfeng), it has no name recorded in the book. It is toxic. A single cluster grows several leaves, and it is produced in "Yangmeimao." It can treat meridian disorders and hemorrhoids.

The song says:

Jade leaves unfurl across the earth, and from the cluster a single stalk rises alone, standing high against the blue sky.

Among the stone-based medicines there are several kinds that can restrain one another and subdue each other's properties. Only when combined with a Yin-spirit substance (a Yin-natured medicine or property) do they achieve their best effect.

Qingfeng (Green Wind)

Commonly called Qingfeng. No name for it is recorded in the books. It is toxic. A single clump bears several leaves and grows luxuriantly. It can be used to treat disorders of the meridians and hemorrhoids.

The verse says: From the ground rise jade-colored leaves, branches and foliage growing in clusters, a single stalk sent up alone, pointing straight to the blue sky. Several stone medicines can subdue it, but it is best when joined with a Yin-spirit substance.

Hongpeng (Red Fleabane) (No. 39)

Commonly called Stone Sword. No name for it is recorded in the books. Its nature is hot, and it is produced in Ganzhou. A single clump bears several leaves shaped like sword blades. It can be used to treat all kinds of wind disorders.

The verse says: It is like moss on brocade stone, growing where cloud and rain bring moisture; when the Hongpeng unfurls, its form is like a sword's edge. For decocting medicinal broths and refining medicines, nothing is more suitable, and so the immortals gave it another name.

Huxinman (Huxin Vine) (No. 40)

Commonly called Three-Leaf Grass. The books call it Shenzhen. It is toxic and produced in Jiangzhou. Its leaves divide into three pointed tips. It can be used to treat parasitic toxins.

The verse says: Its twigs and leaves are all like knives. Only as late summer approaches and autumn begins does the vine start to grow tall. One must wait until it has passed through its third transformation before it is fit to be combined into a formula and refined in the fire.

Zixianzhi (Purple Immortal Mushroom) (No. 41)

Commonly called Heavenly Pool. No name for it is recorded in the books. Its nature is hot. Its leaves resemble loquat leaves. It can be used to treat heart pain.

The verse says: The immortal fruit sways beside the mountain stream and can serve as a stairway to Penglai and Fangzhang. It often appears in the human world, yet few recognize it; the way Peach Blossom Spring leaves people lost has something to do with it as well.

Shidouman (Stone Bean Vine) (No. 42)

Commonly called Keep-the-Lord. The books call it Danzhang. Its nature is cold and it is toxic. Its leaves are pointed, its stems trailing, and its color purplish-green. It can be used to treat parasitic toxins.

The verse says: The stem is black as jade, the flowers golden yellow; once the branches emerge, the vines spread among the mountain crags. A young woman from south of Qin once used it to refine mercury in a fire cauldron, and the process gave off no smoke.

Shanshiman (Mountain Stone Vine) (No. 43)

Commonly called True Fish. No name for it is recorded in the books. Its nature is warm, and it is produced in Wendaizhou. Its leaves have three pointed tips and are the size of beans. It can be used to treat adverse sores.

The verse says:

Jade vessels are laid out and gold vessels displayed, recording the affairs of the human world; the seedlings grow in the Penggong (the realm of immortals), yet the fruit forms in the fields.

One may suppose that the "five hearts" of a practitioner (the two palms, the two soles, and the center of the chest) should all be pure white as snow. How much more, when facing the myriad things, should one regard them as dim as smoke.

Yulicao, Jade Millet Herb (No. 44)

Commonly called "Xingzhen" (Walking Needle). The book records no formal name for it. It is produced in Henan. Cold in nature, it resembles huanteng (a returning vine) and bears fruit like millet grains. It can treat wind-heat.

The verse says:

Gold-colored spread, jade-colored accents, the grains like pearls; the forms in heaven and in the human world are quite different.

When it grows in heaven it is violet-green; what is seen in the human world is a sparse, scattered green.

Cengjin, Layered Gold (No. 45)

Commonly called "Xiaoshuyao" (Little Shu Medicine). The book records no formal name for it. Warm in nature, it is produced in Chenjin Prefecture. Its leaves resemble those of shuyao, and it has a root. It can treat water disorders (conditions related to the accumulation of fluids).

The verse says:

Bury the root in the golden chest, and the tousled branches and leaves unfurl; this was left behind long ago by the Perfected Person of Creation and Transformation (a Daoist immortal who has attained the Dao).

Remember the method of five turnings and openings; boil it until it becomes water, and the five metals will soften too.

It is also called "Disu." What follows repeats the name "Xiaoshuyao," its nature and flavor, its place of origin, its form and its effects, along with the same verse.

Shijue, Stone Fern (No. 46)

Commonly called "Shimeng" (Lost Obscurity); the book calls it "Liujin" (Retained Gold). Hot in nature, it is produced in the land of Chu. Its branches are heavily jointed and its leaves abundant. It can treat wind-cold (conditions of the wind-chill type).

The verse says:

Spread cinnabar frost inside a copper bottle; the frost is veiled like mist and smoke, without any luster.

Suddenly add "Xiaozhong Guji" (a term from the original text, its meaning unclear), and its color becomes more precious than a jade zhang tablet.

Jingxuan (title incomplete)

Commonly called "Jinmuhua" (Only-Wood Flower). The book records no formal name for it. Warm in nature, it is produced in Shannan Circuit. Its vine has four edges and its leaves are pointed. It can treat disorders of blood and Qi (vital energy).

The verse says:

It blooms in clusters, with pointed leaves and four-edged stems; at the spring equinox its radiance lights up the wilds, and it grows everywhere.

Later students who cultivate the true Dao all use it, and so they know that by means of this plant one can attain long life.

Chongtaiman, Double-Terrace Vine (No. 48)

Commonly called "Renjuan" (Human Affection); the book calls it "Qupo" (Channel of Urgency). Hot in nature, it is produced in Jiangnan Circuit. When first growing, its leaves are small and fine; once grown, it sends out vines. The effect recorded in the original is "treats pointed leaves and four-edged stems," which connects to the description of the plant's form in the preceding verse.

The verse says:

It blooms in clusters, with pointed leaves and four-edged stems; at the spring equinox its radiance lights up the wilds, and it grows everywhere.

Later students who cultivate the true Dao all use it, and so they know that by means of this plant one can attain long life.

Double-Tiered Vine (Chongtai Wan), No. 48

Common folk call it "Renjuan" (Human Kin), while the book calls it "Qupo" (Channel Press). It is hot in nature and grows in Jiangnan Circuit. The small leaves come first, and the large leaves then send out trailing stems. It can be used to treat all kinds of sores.

The verse says: True Qi rumbles upward into the heavens, then descends upon the fields just at the spring equinox. If it is mixed with green salt, you will know that the "Shengjia" (Rising Chariot) has appeared in the human world.

Bone-Restoring Herb (Huangu Cao), No. 49

Common folk call it "Shuying Hao" (Mouse-Blossom Mugwort), while the book calls it "Dan Hao" (Single Mugwort). It is hot in nature and grows in Jianzhou. The stem resembles ordinary mugwort, and the leaves are purple. It can be used to treat wind sores.

The verse says: Where it lies buried is hidden the mystery of a thousand returns, the turning wheel of life and death that leads to the green mountains. If you know how to place it in the cauldron and refine it, then once the fire is stilled, the golden body will emerge into the world.

Shaozi (Lesser Purple), No. 50

Common folk call it "Zibei" (Purple Cowrie). The book records no other name for it. It can be used to treat paralysis.

The verse says: Its stems stretch out and wind along the green stream. With the changing of the seasons, herb gatherers find it hard to recognize. Be sure to remember it and do not mistake it, for it is the stairway to Penglai, ten thousand li away.

Cold Stone Mallow (Hanshi Kui), No. 50

The verse says: Its stems stretch out and wind along the green stream. With the changing of the seasons, herb gatherers find it hard to recognize. Be sure to remember it and do not mistake it, for it is the stairway to Penglai, ten thousand li away.

Cold Stone Mallow (Hanshi Kui), No. 51

Common folk call it "Fu Hao" (Attached Mugwort), while the book calls it "Wen Zhi" (Questioning Fungus). Its leaves are round like mugwort leaves, and it is firm in character. It can be used to treat wind disorders.

The verse says: The colors of the mountains reflect upon the mountain courtyard and encircle it on all sides. Countless immortals have planted it in the capital. If it is blended with the powder of Danyang and refined for a single morning, the sound of bronze will fall silent.

Silk-Patterned Vine (Juanwen Wan), No. 52

Common folk call it "Shecong" (Snake Scallion), while the book calls it "Yiren" (Agreeable to Man). It is hot in nature and comes from Qizhou. Its appearance bears a silk-like pattern, and it can be used to treat vomiting after eating.

The verse says: Its stems branch out and grow beside the green stream, so strong in vigor that it can stand shoulder to shoulder with the mountains. If, through the night, you can add fish and water, then even white bones buried for many years can live again.

Chicken-Intestine Vine (Jichang Wan), No. 53

Common folk call it "Lin Geng" (Forest Renewal). The book records no other name for it. It is warm in nature and comes from Baizhou. Its leaves resemble chicken intestines, and it can be used to treat all kinds of difficult childbirth.

The verse says: Its stems trail and its branches spread, growing for ten thousand li. New shoots emerge in vivid color, displaying the full splendor of spring.

This passage continues from the preceding text, which says that when the "Cinnabar Yang" (丹阳, Danyang) no longer shows black, the mercury must still contain an ingredient called "Purple River" (紫河, Zihe).

Black Gold Foot, No. 54

Commonly it is called "Great Fungus" (太芝), and the old books record no formal name for it. Its nature is warm-hot, and it is produced in Jiangling Prefecture. Its root-foot resembles a jet-black hairpin and its leaves resemble bracken. It is used to treat ailments of the waist and legs.

The verse says: add "Black Gold Foot" to the materials used for refining mercury. It disperses cold qi (Qi), and immortals who study the Dao (Dao) have long hoped for it. Once the "Knowledge of the Original" (含元识) has been compounded and refined, it must be kept secret and not passed on to others.

Snake-Holding Chrysanthemum, No. 55

Commonly it is called "Single Fungus" (单芝), and the old books record no name for it. Its nature is mild, and it is produced in Taiyuan. Its leaves resemble a snake holding something in its mouth, and its flowers resemble chrysanthemums. It is used to treat obstruction of the throat.

The verse says: this herb bears flowers at its front and its shape resembles a green poplar. The blossoms are arranged along golden vines, and the vines stretch toward the stream's edge. When gathering it, beware of the "Filial Son" (孝子): if a dog's barking is heard, the one tending the furnace may be troubled by ghosts and spirits. Here "tending the furnace" refers to guarding the fire while the refining is carried out.

Returning Toon, No. 56

Commonly it is called "Sage Fungus" (哲芝), and the old books lack a name for it. Its nature is mild, and it is produced in Annam. It is shaped like a toon tree and purple in color. It is used to treat pathogenic qi.

The verse says: golden characters spread across the azure sky, and a Daoist in purple robes asks about the mysterious Dao, pressing for its deeper principles. If it is to be combined with the returned elixir (还丹, huandan, the refined elixir) in refining, it must first be boiled and then observed for ten nights.

Golden Peach Vine, No. 57

Commonly it is called "Lingering Dread" (留恐), and the old books call it "Single Husband" (单夫). Its nature is mild, and it is produced in Hezhong Prefecture. It resembles a grape and grows as a vine.

The verse says: the carved blue patterns spread out like silk gauze, with a faint green showing through. The Realized Person (真人) does not let ordinary people know its secrets. Once it is boiled and refined in the "Mysterious River" (玄河), the mercury becomes bewildered, and golden talismanic script coils around the purple robe.

Earth □, No. 58

Here the name is marked by the missing-character symbol "□."

Common folk call it "t-flower" (the character is garbled in the source), and the book records no name for it. It is hot in nature and grows in Huzhou. The veins on its leaves resemble a cocoon, and each leaf is about the size of a thumb's surface. It can be used to treat epilepsy.

The verse says: Its leaves grow layer upon layer, set off against red branches; it is best suited to refining the returned elixir (huandan, the Daoist term for an alchemical elixir). Simply boil it in mercury for two watches, then take it out and use it directly, heating it again under a surrounding wall of fire.

Shaohong (No. 59)

Common folk call it "cliff-piercing cloth," while the book calls it "Purple Tiantian," also known as "Wurong Zhuzhi." It is cool in nature and grows in the kingdom of Khotan. Each branch bears a single leaf, and both the underside of the leaf and the branch are purple.

The verse says: It grows in remote places ringed by forests and springs, and when refining the elixir it must be decocted in a scripture cauldron (a vessel used in alchemy). Boil it three times and add the Eight Minerals; treated this way, how could its potency fail to be firm?

The twenty-seven herbs above are born on Ding and Ji days and die on Wu and Ren days; they should be gathered after the winter solstice.

Dog's-Tongue Vine (No. 60)

Common folk call it "fish pondweed," and the book records no name for it. It is cold in nature and is produced around Chenzhou and Xuzhou. Its vine resembles a dog's tongue, and it can be used to treat snake venom.

The verse says: The dog's-tongue vine truly looks like a dog's tongue. Ordinary people and the Perfected (zhenren, those who have attained the Dao) call it by different names. It is not that this plant is absent from the human world, but once you have crossed the river, even if you search with a filial heart, you may not find it.

Yulei (No. 61)

Common folk call it "Fantou," and the book records no name for it. It is cool in nature and grows around Qizhou and Yongzhou. Its flowers resemble canopies or banners, with purplish tips, and it can be used to treat cholera.

The verse says: The flowers are like banners, the leaves like red silk. It is found north of the mountains, south of the river, and in other places. Gather it with care and cherish it, and do not let outsiders know what is in the garden.

Yuci (No. 62)

Common folk call it "Runzhi" (Intercalary Mushroom), while the book calls it "Dui." It is cold in nature and is produced in Jinan. Its stem is slender, its leaves small and yellow, and it can be used to treat heat dysentery.

The verse says: After the King of Qin obtained his lands, he longed to seek the art of long life, and happened to arrive upon Mount Qiyang. There he met Dongzhen (a title for Daoist deities or accomplished adepts), who instructed him in person and directed that it be decocted together with alum.

Hong Gan (No. 63)

Common folk have no current name for it, and the book calls it "Single Tooth." It happened to arrive upon Mount Qiyang. There it met Dongzhen, who instructed it in person and directed that it be decocted together with alum.

Hongnian (Red Twenty-One), No. 63

The common name of this herb is unknown, and the book calls it "Single Tooth." It is warm in nature and grows in the Hexi region. Its leaves resemble those of the tangerine but are reddish, and it grows on rocks. It is used to treat swelling and spasms.

The verse says: Like a cloud, it grows on the cliffs under the new moon. Once carved into shape, it makes princes and lords seem clothed in feathered robes. If the phoenix sees it, it will dance on its own, with no need for the guests of Jin to play their reed pipes.

Sujin (Millet Gold), No. 64

The common name of this herb is unknown, and the book calls it "Single Boat." It is cool in nature and grows in Mianzhou and Suizhou. The stems and leaves shoot up together, and the leaves are pointed at the tip but rounded. It is used to treat all kinds of disorders of blood and Qi (vital energy).

The verse says: This magnificent immortal medicine lies right here in the world, yet ordinary people see it and take it for something commonplace. Boil it at night together with gold sand, and you will learn that it can lengthen life to match the years of the spirit tortoise.

Purple Stone Amaranth, No. 65

It is commonly called "Cloud Skirt," and the book calls it "Purple Canopy." It is hot in nature and grows in Tongzhou. It resembles amaranth, with three branches of leaves splitting off, and is used to treat bone atrophy.

The verse praises it: This herb, like a divine mushroom, is faint and hazy, hard to make out, and is the most efficacious of all elixir ingredients. It not only gives the complexion a lustre like gold, but can also boil brass into gold in a single night.

Fuzhen Cao (Floating Truth Herb), No. 66

It is commonly called "Interwoven Silk," and the book calls it "Great Net." It is warm in nature and grows in Yunzhou. It resembles the pea plant. Its flowers and leaves are used to treat dizziness caused by loss of blood.

The verse says: Its red radiance shines brightly and encircles the traveler's path. Though such a numinous herb exists in the human world, it is rarely seen. If the Celestial Maiden of Weizhen (an immortal maiden who guards the true Dao) were to see it, she would surely gather it until her robe was full.

Tuling (Earth Poria), No. 67

It is commonly called "River Herb," and the book calls it "Girl-Leading Vine." It is warm in nature, and its vines bear fruit. It is used to treat intestinal obstruction.

The verse says: In quiet courtyards shaded by green willows, every household can find it, yet few truly know how to use it. From now on, plant more of it in the inner garden, and do not let outsiders learn the formulas that use it.

Shiqing (Stone Blue), No. 68

This herb, commonly known as "Daiqing" (Green Sash), is called "Guanqu" in the text. It is warm and hot in nature and comes from Shanzhou. Its stem grows as a trailing vine, and its leaves are long and pointed. It can be used to treat knotted Qi (qi).

The Celestial Lord of Biyang presents the Golden Elixir, which must still be blended with Divine Water before it is taken.

If it is placed in a green cauldron for refining, the snow will dissolve and appear before everyone's eyes.

Yaoming (No. 69)

This herb is commonly called "Shiyi" (Stone Moss), also known as "Yuyi" (Fish Moss), and is called "Taizhou" in the text. It is warm and hot in nature and comes from Jiangling Prefecture. It resembles stone moss and can be used to treat cold Qi.

It grows deep and hidden upon the rocks; people may see it, yet do not know its name.

Add only a little of it to the great medicine, and one will know that auspicious clouds are waiting to receive one beneath one's feet.

The ten herbs above take effect during the Jia and Ding hours of the Heavenly Stems, and lose their efficacy when they encounter Wu and Ji. This is related to the seasons in which the herbs grow and are refined. They correspond to the solar term Liqiu (Beginning of Autumn) and should be gathered on the twentieth day after Lixia (Beginning of Summer).

Huannian (No. 70)

This herb is commonly called "Muxiangzhu" (Wood-Resembling Pearl) and is called "Hanzi" (Containing Purple) in the text. It is mild in nature and comes from Kunlun. Its leaves resemble elm leaves, and pearl-like beads form upon them. It can be used to treat wind ailments.

Heaven and Earth endure, and the waves of water surge vast; the numinous herb holds its pearl-like fruit, its color naturally fragrant.

It grows along the Yuebin coastal region, and it can also be boiled and refined into a jade nectar.

Lizhang (No. 71)

This herb is commonly called "Nantian" (Southern Heaven); the text records no other name for it. It is mild in nature and comes from Fengxiang Prefecture. The plant has four ridges and purple flowers, and its leaves are small and pointed. It can be used to treat all kinds of severe cold ailments.

Spring grass grows in the Hongzhang Temple, but it is not like Lizhang, which can still be seen at the end of spring.

If it is blended and refined in a Baitian (White Day) cauldron, one will see the Nine Snows emit a brilliant radiance.

Zijinmao (No. 72)

This herb is commonly called "Qihao" (Qi Mugwort); the text records no other name for it. It is cold and cool in nature and comes from Jiannan. Its stem is purplish-green, and its leaves are long and pointed. It can be used to treat heart pain.

The verdant new bride walks alone, and must not meet the Jinhua Yuan scholar. Break it off and set it in the place where gold is refined, then boil and smelt it; from then on it gives off no more smoke, and only through this did its name become known.

Purple Sea Toon (No. 73)

Folk usage calls it "Jiaozhou"; the classics do not record its name. It is hot in nature and grows in Jiangzhou. Its leaves resemble those of the zhuang tree, and the whole plant is purple; it can grow into a tree. It can be used to treat wind stroke.

The same golden cabinet reflects the spring mountains, and countless Perfected Ones (zhenren) have held it in their own hands to behold it. Although it too is a medicinal substance that can decay of itself and reveal its form, it cannot compare with this one, which can be refined into the Golden Elixir (Jindan).

Golden Wei (No. 74)

Folk usage calls it "Double Gold"; the classics do not record its name. It is warm in nature and grows in Jiannan, twining around stones as it grows. Its leaves resemble thunder-scallion, and it bears seeds and roots. It can be used to treat childhood gan disorder (a condition of poor digestion and emaciation in children).

The New Bride of Liyang Loves the Zhi Herb

The new bride of Liyang loved the zhi herb and, alone, sent ten thousand letters to the immortal elder. Through this she came to know Golden Wei, and used it to boil and refine the cold stone, riding the River Chariot (a Daoist cultivation term for circulating essence and Qi) up into the realm of Azure Void.

Purple Dream Grandee (No. 75)

Folk usage calls it "Xiangzhou," and it is also named Stone Knotweed; the classics do not record its name. It grows in Hebei Circuit, is purple in color, and can be used to treat heart pain.

Ten thousand li away, the Huazhou flower faces Qinchuan; though it grows ten thousand li distant, it will not open its mouth. If it is boiled and refined together with medicinal substances from the Three Rivers region, then once the refining is complete it can lift a person up to the Nine Heavens.

Stone Mustard (No. 76)

Folk usage calls it "Earth Flower," and the classics call it "Southern Herb." It is warm in nature and grows in the capital region. Its leaves resemble southern mustard greens, and it can be used to treat childhood convulsions.

The Celestial Maiden of Ziwei need not cut and sew garments, yet she has people come to ask after the branches of Stone Mustard. Take care never to boil it in a white-patterned pot, or the poison of the sand and stones will scatter the mercury. Here "boiling" and "pot" refer to the vessels and methods used in refining medicines.

Mountain Spinach (No. 77)

Folk usage calls it "Zhi Beneath the Stream," and the classics call it "Zhi Not to Be Climbed." It is cold in nature and grows in Yizhou. Its leaves grow in clusters and resemble spinach, and it can be used to treat wind disorders.

The sound of felling timber rings out "zhengzheng," as if coming from where the crows are; the river's waves stretch vast, and the grasses by the water have a spirit of their own. Only Mountain Spinach is fit to be gathered and used, and then the eight mineral medicines will be refined of their own accord.

Sharp-tail is cold in nature and grows in Yizhou. Its leaves resemble spinach leaves and grow thickly, and it can treat wind disorders.

The song says that the sound of woodcutting comes from where the crows cry, the river flows vast and mighty, and even the plants and trees seem to have a spirit of their own. Only the herb mountain-ridge is worth gathering with care, for eight mineral drugs will then combine naturally.

Sharp-Tail Mallow (Number 78)

Commonly called "wind herb," it has no recorded name in the classical texts. It is cold in nature and grows in Hengdingzhou. Each leaf divides into three points, and it can treat all kinds of malignant sores.

The song says that this herb grows in Weizhou and the Hebei region, where local people often gather it and dry it in the sun. Decocted together with five kinds of salt, it can be made into medicine, and the verse describes its effect as "prolonging years and granting long life."

Wang Qi (Number 79)

Commonly called "green heaven," it is recorded in the classical texts as "no celebration." It is warm in nature and grows in the Jiangnan Circuit. Its leaves resemble plantain, and its stem is marked with ridges. It can treat toxic sores.

The song calls it the spirit-medium of the Taifu Azure Elixir, meaning the auxiliary medicine used when refining the Azure Elixir. When it is blended with a medicinal broth and taken, one will see "ten thousand springs" with one's own eyes, a phrase that uses immortality to describe its efficacy.

Sharp Gou Vine (Number 80)

Commonly called "great pair," it grows in Jiannan. Its leaves resemble those of the gouyin herb, and it grows as a vine. It can treat malignant sores.

The song says that if people do not understand the meaning of the Golden Elixir, they should treat sharp gou as an adjunct in refining the jade medicine. It can not only be combined with sulfur but also stabilize realgar in the vessel. This refers to the pairing of ingredients and the transformations within the vessel during the refining of the Golden Elixir.

Cheng Tianming (Number 81)

Commonly called "gouyin vine," it can treat malignant sores.

The song says that if people do not understand the meaning of the Golden Elixir, they should treat sharp gou as an adjunct in refining the jade medicine. It can not only be combined with sulfur but also stabilize realgar in the vessel.

Cheng Tianming (Number 81)

Commonly called "having a destiny," it has no recorded name in the classical texts. It is cold in nature and grows in Zhongwanzhou. It can treat febrile diseases, and its other effects are unknown.

The song says that when the palace maidens of Yuyang boil the "heavenly broth" (the medicinal liquid used in alchemy), its fragrance appears only after Cheng Tianming has taken effect. Mercury must also be used to open the passage, and with it the foundation of the Azure Elixir is formed.

Chaotian Herb (Number 82)

Commonly called "ghost's urine tube," it has no recorded name in the classical texts. It is cold in nature and grows in Tonghuazhou. The plant is hollow and jointed, and it grows quite tall. It can treat malignant sores.

The song says that the distant shadow of heaven falls upon the empty expanse, and that Chaotian herb grows in Tonghuazhou, spreading across the land there.

Look at the herbs within the Purple River Chariot (Ziheche), for without them the work of refining the golden elixir would be difficult to accomplish.

Fuchan Zhi, No. 83

Commonly called "Nine-Sect Elixir" (Jiuzongdan), it is also known as "Jingtian." The classics record no name for it. Its nature is cold, and it is produced in Yuyang County. Its leaves resemble plantain, it sends out long runners, and its roots are also long. It can treat febrile illnesses.

The song says:

The branches and leaves of Jingtian grow lush, with round leaves springing from the stems; only in Yuyang can it be gathered at the proper season.

It should be buried west of the Third Hall and used in the tenth month; it can enter medicinal preparations, combining with other refined ingredients.

Jinsuo Tian, No. 84

Commonly called "Ash Huo" (Huihuo), it is called "Luoli" in the classics. Its nature is warm, and it is produced in Banan. Its leaves are small, square, and reddish, and it can treat "rebellious qi" (shangqi, a condition marked by upward-surging breath and fullness in the chest).

The song says:

What remains after the Golden Heaven has been refined must be turned to ash, then mixed with Yellow Sprout (huangya, a yellow mineral or herbal substance used in alchemy) to make a paste.

From this point onward, mercury must be pressed down and made to lie hidden; this is precisely the stairway to refining the Returned Elixir.

Huan Yun, No. 85

Commonly called "Tianwu," the classics record no name for it. Its nature is warm, and it is produced in Meiyuan County. It has long runners and bears three leaves, and it can treat blood vertigo.

The song says:

It spreads across the high mountains, over the rocks and among the streams; the tradition passed down through generations says it comes from Meiyuan.

Boil it overnight in a Six-Wu pot, and eight kinds of hard minerals will dissolve into smoke of their own accord.

Tongyang Ji, No. 86

Commonly called "Horse-Tooth Vegetable" (purslane), the classics record no name for it. Its nature is cold; its leaves are round and its taste slippery. It can treat intestinal heat and is produced in Danfang Prefecture.

The song says:

Tender in its trailing vines, it fills all of Danfang Prefecture; it can be paired with the Returned Elixir as a medicine of the same kind.

Mercury dares not take the first place, and can only move and transform within the furnace, following the cinnabar.

Tongyang Mi, No. 87

Commonly called "Human Amaranth" (Renxian), it is called "Jiezhen" in the classics. Its nature is cold, and it is produced among the border peoples. Its leaves are pointed, and it can treat gan disease (a childhood condition marked by poor digestion and emaciation).

Nourishing the spirit and setting the hun and po souls in order can make a person radiant; place mineral drugs in a medicine pouch, and they become a single prescription.

Today, a drug such as "Yuwan Lacang" can likewise suppress the properties of drugs of the "Four Spirits Frost" kind.

Tongju Tian (No. 80)

Commonly called "Red Salt Flower" and also known as "Qingjie Pu"; the ancient texts do not record its name. Its nature is warm, and it is produced in Yizhou. Its leaves are pointed and narrow, and its flower resembles the caltrop flower. It can treat disorders of blood and Qi (vital energy).

The verse says:

Among the Tongju palace stands the Tongju Tian;

Burned to ash, it is used to boil the cold spring.

Without this ash, Yang Ren cannot pass beyond;

Yin Gui will in the end surely scatter into smoke.

Fuhua Zhou (No. 80, as in the original)

It can be used to treat disorders of blood and Qi (vital energy).

The verse says:

Among the Tongju palace stands the Tongju Tian;

Burned to ash, it is used to boil the cold spring.

Without this ash, Yang Ren cannot pass beyond;

Yin Gui will in the end surely scatter into smoke.

Fuhua Zhou (No. 89)

Commonly called "Rice Pod"; the ancient texts do not record its name. Its nature is cool, and it is produced in southern Qian. Its leaves are blue-green, and its flowers contain seeds. It can treat severe oppressive heat disorders.

The verse says:

Beneath ten thousand miles of blue sky, the medicine enters the deep and hidden places;

Only the Flower Boat can draw near the place of the Dao (the Way).

Though it shares the same root and sprout with other herbs and is decocted together with them,

It sinks like a stone, then naturally floats back up.

The twenty medicines above are born in the times of Wu and Ren and die in the times of Ding and Ji; they correspond to the solar term Beginning of Summer, and should be gathered and used forty days before the Beginning of Autumn.

Tongbian Chun (No. 90)

Commonly called "Kunlun Mallow," recorded in books as "Purple Xun"; it is produced in the west. Its leaves are round and angular, and its flowers are purple. It can treat "oil spasm."

The verse says:

Alone it grows upon the high cliff,

Yet it often blooms in people's courtyards.

Only when the returned elixir is refined does one know its wondrous use;

How could sulfur not be turned to ashes by it?

Hu Sun Teng (No. 91)

Commonly called "Earth Coin"; the ancient texts do not record its name. Its nature is hot, and it is produced in the far south. Its vines stretch far, its leaves are pointed, and its branches make a sound. It can treat severe sores.

The verse says:

The vines stretch far, winding around the Heavenly River;

They grow until the south wind rises, yet spring has not yet come.

When the third month arrives, they pay court to the Heavenly Emperor,

As if to let themselves tread upon the green dragon's scales.

Shi Qu (No. 92)

Commonly called "Fish-Lowering Vegetable"; the ancient texts do not record its name. Its nature is cold, and it is produced in Kaitong Prefecture. Its leaves resemble bamboo leaves, and its flowers are yellow. It can treat infantile malnutrition (gan accumulation).

The verse says: "It grows until the south wind rises, yet spring has not yet come."

Offered in the third month, it accords precisely with the will of the Celestial Emperor; it is meant to enable the practitioner to ascend, in the physical body, upon the Green Scales (the azure dragon, or something bearing green scales).

Stone Channel, No. 92

Commonly it is called "Fish-Lowering Vegetable"; the ancient books record no name for it. Its nature is cold, and it is produced in Kaitong Prefecture. Its leaves resemble bamboo leaves and it bears yellow flowers. It can treat childhood gan accumulation (a condition of poor digestion and emaciation in children).

The song says:

In the Cave of Jade Blossoms grows the river-fish herb, the most suitable of all the medicines.

It can make the luster of the Purple Elixir moist and glossy, and wash away the vermilion that has flaked from the Green Elixir.

These three ingredients are born in the positions of Wu and Ding and die in the positions of Jia and Yi. They correspond to the solar term Lidong (Start of Winter) and should be gathered twenty days after Lidong.

Fish-Intestine Vine, No. 93

Commonly it is called "Spirit Flower"; the ancient books call it "Thorny Pear." Its nature is warm, and it is produced in Hebei, in Xuanzhou. Its leaves resemble purslane and are thorny. It can treat malignant sores.

The song says:

Someone asks, what medicine is called Fish-Intestine? It can be combined with the Returned Elixir to make a fitting formula.

From the three cauldrons (the three ding used in refining elixirs) rises smoke, revealing an auspicious radiance; in the Palace of the Nine Empyreans, a numinous fragrance stands guard.

Mountain Chrysanthemum

The song says:

Someone asks, what medicine is called Fish-Intestine? It can be combined with the Returned Elixir to make a fitting formula.

From the three cauldrons rises smoke, revealing an auspicious radiance; in the Palace of the Nine Empyreans, a numinous fragrance stands guard.

Mountain Chrysanthemum, No. 94

Commonly it is called "True Floating Person"; the ancient books record no name for it. Its nature is cold, and it is produced in Weinan County. Its leaves resemble tu (a bitter-herb plant), and its flowers resemble chrysanthemums. It can treat ailments caused by excessive drinking, as well as palpitations and unease of the heart.

The song says:

The flower is like the yellow chrysanthemum, the leaf like tea; ordinary people do not know it, for it comes from the immortals.

It can make the Green Elixir shine with luster, and it can refine red powder into Yellow Sprout (the yellow elixir or elixir substance obtained in refining).

Single True One, No. 95

Commonly it is called "Water-Chestnut Duckweed"; the ancient books record no name for it. It is produced in Henan Prefecture, and its nature is hot. Its leaves resemble lotus leaves, and it grows near water. It can treat snakebites.

The song says:

The true and wondrous thing between Heaven and Earth was originally something understood by people;

only ordinary people fail to recognize its true meaning.

From this the Eight Numinous Ones willingly accept death, and ordinary people are thereby spared from becoming bodies of the dusty world.

Golden Mirror Cold, No. 96

Commonly it is called "Human Zhi"; the ancient books record no name for it. It is produced in Annan Prefecture and is shaped like mallow, with hairs on its leaves. It can neutralize the poison of insects and snakes.

The song says:

Within the stones and upon the stones it grows in autumn, with hairy leaves and stems dotted with red.

Beyond the "three joinings" there are several varieties, and the finest of them is the one produced in Dongjing.

Qingzhi (Green Branch), No. 97

Commonly called "Bitter Qimu," this plant has no name in the ancient books and comes from Xilong Prefecture. It is cold in nature, and once grown into a tree it puts out branches that can be used to treat beriberi.

The verse says: This tree sends out its branches across all the mountains, and tradition holds that the Queen Mother of the West planted it with her own hands in the human world. It is skilled at harmonizing green vitriol, ridding it of its foul smell, and it also keeps purple gold true to its original color.

Zilouchun (Purple Tower Spring), No. 98

Commonly called "White Horse Vegetable," this plant has no name in the ancient books and is also known as "Liuzhuomo." Its leaves are purple-green with pointed tips, and it comes from Jiangzhou.

The verse says: The blossoms of Zilouchun are vivid in color, holding a place all their own in the world, much like the scales on a white back. When refining the Returned Elixir (huandan, the elixir spoken of in Daoism), it must also be added and boiled together with the other ingredients. In this way one may ascend to the Azure Heavens (the high skies, the realm of immortals) and become a Perfected One (zhenren) of the Nine Heavens.

Futaitai (Assisting Heaven Terrace), No. 99

Commonly called "Vinegar-Back Tree," this plant has no name in the ancient books. It is warm in nature and bears fruit once grown into a tree. It comes from Mount Zhongnan and can be used to treat regurgitation.

The verse says: This tree has dense branches and leaves and grows on Mount Zhongnan, the most precious among all trees. When burning and refining the Heavenly Medicine (a Daoist elixir), a little should be set aside. Taking it allows one to obtain a complete physical body, so that it does not decay into white bones.

Jinjingu (Mighty Golden Bone), No. 100

Commonly called "Green Fish Pond," it is known in the ancient books as "Tianwen Taro." It is warm in nature, resembles thatch grass, and also bears fruit. It can be used to treat threatened miscarriage (vaginal bleeding during pregnancy).

The verse says: It sends out its leaves sparsely, its form just like thatch grass. Each year Perfected Ones irrigate it with jade water. It adds wings to the Returned Elixir, and when ordinary people take it, they too may ascend to the Azure Heavens.

Mugua (Papaya), No. 101

Commonly called "Tiantong Fruit."

The verse says: The heavenly tree sways gently, growing in southern Ba. Its blossoms flourish alongside the sunlight, budding and opening every day.

When compounding the Great Medicine (da yao), take care to gather it and store it properly; only herbs picked in autumn are suitable for use.

Ling Ling Herb (Ingredient 102)

Folk tradition calls it "Wuqing" (Without Green), and the ancient texts do not record its name. It is spiritually potent by nature and grows in Bazhou. Each clump bears two or three leaves, and the leaves hold dew, which can treat epidemic disease.

The verse says:

A clump of flowering grass with its leaves is called Ling Ling Herb. People know it is useful, yet they do not know its name.

Once it is refined, it takes on a fine golden color. Taken and combined with talismans and incantations, it can strike fear into ghosts and spirits.

For the ten ingredients above, calculated by the sexagenary cycle, they are born on a Wuzi day and die on a Jiasi day. They should be gathered at the Beginning of Autumn, and also from after the Summer Solstice until around the Beginning of Winter.

End of the first fascicle of the Penglai Shan Xizao Huandan Ge (Song of the Returned Elixir from the Western Stove of Mount Penglai).

Penglai Shan Xizao Huandan Ge, Second Fascicle

Composed by Huang Xuanzhong, Han-dynasty Acting Imperial Secretary and Grand Master of Splendid Happiness with Gold Seal and Purple Ribbon.

Yellow Emperor's Spring (Ingredient 103)

Folk tradition calls it "Hibiscus Water," and the ancient texts do not record its name. It is cold in nature. Its flowers are purple or yellow, with no fixed color. It grows by the water's edge and can treat toxic wind.

The verse says:

Though beams and rafters can hold up a house, the key to alchemy cannot do without Hibiscus Water.

If one asks which medicine is best, that born of the Western Sovereign (possibly referring to the Queen Mother of the West) is the finest; gathered on the Southern Mountain, it may also be used together.

Shan Zhuo (Ingredient 104)

Folk tradition calls it "Water Turbidity," and the ancient texts do not record its name. Each branch bears three leaves, shaped like elderberry (shuodiao), and it can treat wind disorders and blood disorders.

The verse says:

The jade tower is like a mirror, reflecting the three mountains; once this herb grows, it is no ordinary thing.

If it does not grow atop high peaks and crags, it will surely be found beside a spring at the cliff's edge.

Bi Lu Qiu (Ingredient 105)

Folk tradition calls it "White Lush Tree," and the ancient texts do not record its name. When grown, it becomes a tree with leaves like willow leaves. It is found along roadsides beyond the mountain passes and can treat all kinds of malignant sores.

The verse says:

In the jade-green sky the sun and moon hang high for ages; the moon shines upon a thousand mountains and their myriad medicines.

When gathering it to compound the elixir, be sure to remember: decoct it together with Yellow Sprout (huangya).

Fu Lin Chi (Ingredient 106)

Folk tradition calls it "Earth Wrinkle," and the ancient texts do not record its name. Its leaves are like willow leaves, with a wrinkled surface. It is hot in nature and can treat cold wind.

The verse says:

The water of the Jade Pond is cold, clear, and limpid, as if it ran straight to the Heart of Heaven. This medicinal herb is so precious that it may be compared to gold.

It can be used together with sulfur, and the best of its kind is the "Walking Lead Ren."

Crane-Come Branch (Hezhilai), No. 107

Its common name is Nüzhen (privet). The books do not record its proper name. It is suited to treating cholera.

The song says:

Heaven and earth are balanced and harmonious, moving of their own accord; before reaching the Dragon Gate, the sea remains deep.

The immortal medicine grows into trees in the human world, yet people do not recognize it and simply let it lie buried.

Mountain Perilla (Shan Zisu), No. 108

Its common name is Jiezhou Lai. The books do not record its proper name. It is produced in Shezhou and Xuanzhou. The stem is purple, and the leaves resemble those of perilla. Its nature is cold.

The song says:

In the depths of the Jade Pool one can see deep waves; a good medicine lies in the human world, yet is concealed beneath an exterior like a hard shell.

Only this herb can combine with Danyang to remove blackness; when stones are ground and prepared with it, they can be dyed as white as snow.

Spirit-Regulating Zhi (Tiaoshen Zhi), No. 109

Its common name is Huangu ("Restorer of Bones"). The books do not record its proper name. It is produced in Zhongzhou and Wanzhou, and its form resembles the Gou tree. It is suited to treating consumptive illness and manic disorders.

The song says:

The human world has its own returned elixir made from plants and trees, yet people cast it aside and refuse to take it.

Even if one is born, dies, and is born again, one may still not obtain it; how pitiful that this immortal medicine is left idle in vain.

Fragrant Ru Guide (Xiangru Yin), No. 110

Its common name is Mianmu ("Cotton Tree"). The books do not record its proper name. It is produced in Maozhou. Its nature is mild; it grows into a tree, and inside the trunk there is a cotton-like fiber. It can treat stagnation of blood and obstruction of qi.

The song says:

The road to the realm of free wandering is level by nature, but ordinary people will not learn it themselves.

If one could take this medicine and boil it together with mercury, how could white clouds not come to greet one before one's eyes?

Yalan (Cliff Indigo)

The books do not record its proper name. It is produced in Maozhou. Its nature is mild; it grows into a tree, and inside there is a cotton-like fiber. It can treat stagnation of blood and obstruction of qi.

The song says:

The road to the realm of free wandering is level by nature, but ordinary people will not learn it themselves.

If one could take this medicine and boil it together with mercury, how could white clouds not come to greet one before one's eyes?

Yalan (Cliff Indigo), No. 111

Its common name is Fucaocao ("Trough-Attached Herb"). The books do not record its proper name. It is bitter in taste and poisonous. The leaves have several pointed tips, like Jin grass. It can treat white wind.

The song says: when gold has been refined it becomes like jade, and even the cinnabar in the fire shows a spiritual quality. This herb is highly efficacious and is often used together with other medicinals. The heart and woman both belong to the nature of fire, and it is only because one cannot subdue it that people speak of the "River Cart" (Hechē).

Shelong Hui (No. 112): Commonly called Yuzhang wood, it is not recorded in the ancient books. This wood is poisonous. Its leaves are three fingers wide, and it can grow into a large tree. In the first month of summer it grows in the area near the Han Mountains, and it can be used to treat illnesses of the "ghost affliction" (guizhu) type.

The song says: it gradually grows to resemble ordinary trees, and its timber is similar as well; Zhang Qian rode upon it to reach the azure clouds. Once this tree has grown for more than a thousand years, rivers and roads will become open and unobstructed.

These ten medicinals are best gathered on jia days and ren days; wu days and ren days are unsuitable for gathering. They should be dug up around the beginning of winter, the spring equinox, and the autumn equinox.

Zi Jichang (No. 113): Commonly called "water vine," it is not recorded in the ancient books. Its nature is warm and hot, and it is produced in Jiangnan Circuit, growing near water with its vines stretching outward. It can be used to treat paralysis.

The song says: it grows beside a green stream far from the dust of the world, and later students of the Dao easily lose their way. On ren and gui days, when the herb is firm, it should be boiled promptly; if left for two nights, it will turn as soft as mud.

Shourong (No. 114): Commonly called winter green (dongqing), it is not recorded in the ancient books. Its nature is mild, and it is produced in Hebei Circuit. Its leaves are blue-green, and it grows into a tree and bears fruit. It can be used to treat injuries from falls and fractures.

The song says: it stays green through all four seasons, covered as though by dark-blue clouds; it can be combined with the returned elixir (huandan, an elixir refined in Daoist practice). Even if it grew for a thousand years, it would be taken in vain, to say nothing of refining it with mercury into the "River Cart."

Lukou Han (No. 115): Commonly called Yingzhi, recorded in the ancient books as "Fengyi." Its nature is cold, and it is produced in Yun'an. Its leaves are round and small, and its stem is slender. It can be used to treat wind stroke.

The song says: it is perfectly round, like an egg formed and nurtured between heaven and earth; it is a spiritual herb, growing in the places spoken of in the immortals' formulas. This herb is sufficient to save the people of the world, and it is a great pity that so few today record it in the immortals' scriptures (Jing).

Daisi Jin: Its nature is cold, and it is produced in Yun'an. Its leaves are round and small, and its stem is slender. It can be used to treat wind stroke.

The song says: it is perfectly round, like an egg formed and nurtured between heaven and earth; it is a spiritual herb, growing in the places spoken of in the immortals' formulas.

This medicine is sufficient to save people of the world, but it is a pity that only today has it been recorded in the immortals' scriptures (Jing).

Daisi Jin (Silk-Thread Gold), No. 116

Folk usage calls it "Jiu Shu" (Pulling-Tree), and the ancient books record no name for it. Its nature is cold and cooling. It is produced in the regions of Mianzhou and Jianzhou, and its branches hang down like suspended threads. It can be used to treat blocked menstruation in women.

The song says: Ten thousand branches hang down like green threads of gold. Although this immortal medicine grows in the human world, few people know of it. It must be combined with mercury in the fire to take effect, and it must be refined a hundred times over before it can enter the realm of the profound and subtle.

Fang Shixiao (Stone-Guarding Niter), No. 117

Folk usage calls it "Xiao Cao Zhu" (Niter-Dissolving Bamboo Grass), and the books call it "Cao Gou Zhi" (Grass-Berry Zhi). Its nature is warm and hot. It is produced in Guangzhou. Its leaves are round and about a finger wide, and its stalks are thick and sturdy. It is used to treat the poison of severe chills.

The song says: The vapors of the Three Gorges are abundant, and they condense into this cold herb that grows in Guangzhou. Paired with the Eight Minerals in the furnace fire, the two relate to each other like father and son, and for this reason it also has many other names in the Nine Heavens.

Yu Jiu Xing (Imperial Wine-Sobering Herb), No. 118

Folk usage calls it "Dan Zhi" (Cinnabar Zhi), and the books call it "Lou Chun Cao" (Tower-Spring Herb). Its nature is cold and cooling. It is produced in the Henei circuit, bears three flowers, and has blue-green leaves. It can be used to treat heart pain.

The song says: Why can a blue-green elixir relieve drunkenness? First the numinous herb must be boiled through the night. In this way, after drinking too much wine, one can sober up. If a small amount is added to the fire and burned together with it, it can also be used in refining.

Xian Yu Zhi (Siam Jade Zhi), No. 119

Folk usage calls it "Fu Shui Lan" (Floating Water Indigo), and the books record no name for it. Its nature is cold and cooling. It is produced in the Lingwai circuit. It resembles a small indigo plant, with pointed, elongated leaves. It can be used to treat lung atrophy.

The song says: Walking along the mountain stream, you can see green shoots growing. Combined with the Eight Minerals, its efficacy is not inferior. Only a small amount need be placed in the elixir furnace; otherwise, it must be put into the fire together with other medicinal substances.

Pipa Zhi (Lute Zhi), No. 120

Folk usage calls it "Fu Chu," and the books call it "Bai Tian" (White Heaven). Its nature is cold and cooling. It is produced in Yunnan. Its leaves are round and elongated and bear seeds. It can be used to treat "dafeng" (the great wind; an ancient term for a class of severe skin diseases).

The song says: The King of Qin was once east of the Jade Capital in the heavens, where a Perfected One ascended into the azure sky. After the Perfected One consumed the Pipa Zhi, he was able to be born anew and sat at ease in the Palace of Purple Yang.

Tu Xun Man (Earth-Scalding Vine), No. 121

Its common name is "Juyu" (Giant Jade), and ancient books also write it as "Laohan." This plant is cold in nature and grows in Bapeng Prefecture. Its leaves have three points, and its stems are vines that climb and trail. It can be used to treat wind disorders.

The verse says: Only by reaching Mount Tiantai will you come to know this medicine; use blue salt to draw out the white fluid. Though smoke-like vapor lies upon it, the vapor does not rise, and so it must be used as a hedge and fence.

Bronze-Hoof Vine, No. 122

Its common name is "Jian" (Pointed). It is a trailing vine that can be used to treat wind disorders.

The verse says: Only by reaching Mount Tiantai will you come to know this medicine; use blue salt to draw out the white fluid. Though smoke-like vapor lies upon it, the vapor does not rise, and so it must be used as a hedge and fence.

Its common name is "Great Jade Fungus," and ancient books call it "Cloud-Forest Fungus." This plant is cold in nature and grows in Qinchuan. Its leaves are pointed and long, and its stems are vines that climb and trail. It can be used to treat wind-evil disorders.

The verse says: The Lord King of the East and the Queen Mother of the West move the clouds and spread the rain, which happens to keep the Bronze-Hoof Vine from growing. Only by going to Qinchuan can you gather it, and when gathering it, you must not speak its name beforehand.

Hujin Poison, No. 123

Its common name is "Miasma-Sky Tree," and ancient books record no name for it. This tree is poisonous and grows in Yunnan. It can be used to treat snake venom. The tree stands less than three feet tall and has pointed leaves; tasting it is fatal.

The verse says: Because the qi of Yin-Yang do not unite, this tree comes into being; its branches are poisonous, and so it cannot grow tall. At the second Hai hour, boil it within the river, and you will know that the Yin-Gui qi is not dispersed by heat.

River-Seeking Herb, No. 124

Its common name is "River Wind," and ancient books record no name for it. It is cold in nature and grows in southern Guizhou. When mature, it reaches several zhang in height. It can be used to treat ailments of joy.

The verse says: The great sea is vast, stretching ten thousand miles; where must one search for this medicine, and where will it be found? Zhang Qian must surely know where it lies. Once it is gathered, avoid boiling it with salt.

Essence Mushroom (Jing Xun), No. 125

Neither ancient books nor common names record it. It is yellowish-white and has no shoots, leaves, or stem. It does not correspond to the seasonal nodes, and it cannot cure illness.

The verse says: Those that grow in spring are mostly yellowish-white, while those that grow in autumn and summer are tinged with black and green.

At the front of the hall, one need only ask Dongfang Shuo (a figure from Han-dynasty legend renowned for his vast learning). He knows where this herb is found, and he knows its name.

Stone Channel Herb (No. 126)

Among the people it is called "Cold Bamboo Herb," and no name for it is recorded in the books. It is cold in nature and can kill parasites. It is produced in Jingnan and grows like a young bamboo shoot.

The verse says: Its emerald-green roots and stalks spread across the ground, steadying the shen (spirit) and calming the souls. If people plant it in the third month, the household will know contentment, and their descendants will benefit.

Wild Lotus Herb (No. 127)

Among the people it is called "Plate Herb," and no name for it is recorded in the books. It is cold in nature and is produced in the Huainan circuit. Its leaves are as large as plates, and it bears roots and seeds.

The verse says: It grows beside streams. It is said that an imperial edict once summoned Zhang Qian (a Han-dynasty envoy to the Western Regions) to ask about its homeland. The roots and shoots are gathered and chopped together, and they can also be used to boil the white "Evil Danyang."

Gold-Bearing Branch (No. 128)

Among the people it is called "Purple Sandalwood," and no name for it is recorded in the books. It is warm in nature and is produced in Lingnan. The tree bears golden shadow-like patterns and can treat the poison of five kinds of snakes.

The verse says: The golden patterns on the tree lie layer upon layer, and this tree is not often seen in the human world. When I reached the north of Mount Ao (a legendary immortal mountain), the zhenren (a realized immortal who has attained the Dao) personally bestowed upon me the Mysterious Bell.

Earth Vein (No. 129)

Among the people it is called "Thorn Taro," and no name for it is recorded in the books. It is cold in nature and is produced around the Five Lakes. Its leaves are about one foot long, and its roots have corresponding features. It can treat all kinds of febrile illness.

The verse says: It grows amid the warming and cooling changes of sun and moon, and this fine medicine is found everywhere in the fields. When a little is added during the refining of the Eight Minerals (the mineral ingredients used in Daoist alchemy), the golden bones will endure forever.

Golden Shadow Copper (No. 130)

Among the people it is called "Yellow Poplar Wood" (boxwood), and no name for it is recorded in the books. It is cold in nature and is produced in Maozhou. It can treat dafeng (an ancient term for severe skin diseases and similar conditions).

The verse says: Though the forest holds many plants and trees, only this tree is the most rare and precious. When you wish to gather it, you must wait until the Jade Dragon enters; it must not be picked casually, as ordinary plants are.

Pool-Sunken Herb (No. 131)

The Penglai Shan Xizao Huandan Ge (Song of the Returned Elixir from the Western Stove of Mount Penglai) records the common names, properties, places of origin, appearance, and main uses of several herbs, together with verses to aid memory.

Zhiyi Tian: Its common name is "Zhiyi Tian" (Chin-Resting Heaven). The text does not record its medicinal name. Its nature is rather cold, and it grows in Jinzhou. The leaves are fine, the stem fairly long, and the color a yellowish green. It can treat "lin fu."

The verse says: Fine grass grows quietly around the stream, its leaves drooping and its branches stretching along the water's edge. Many perfected ones (zhenren) ate it and ascended as immortals; it was once given by one's parents to the wife of Youjun.

Zi Dian: Its common name is "Fushuang Hua" (Frost-Bearing Flower). The text does not record its medicinal name. It grows in Hebei Circuit. The leaves are as large as the face of a finger, and the stem is purple. It can treat scorching heat.

The verse says: The palace women of the Yuyang Palace learned to play the hidden-hook game, and when they hid in the Purple Hall, their bodies vanished from sight. It rose to the Nine Heavens and became the celestial maidens' chessboard; this account was copied from an immortals' scripture (jing) and has been handed down to the present. The song also mentions that it was once given by one's parents to the wife of Youjun.

Wuyang Zhong: Its common name is "Liantian Cao" (Sky-Linking Grass). The text does not record its medicinal name. Its nature is warm, and it grows on Kunlun. The shoots are long and the leaves fine. It can treat bone paralysis.

The verse says: The fine grass produced at Wuyang sends up its shoots as if leading the crops away from the spring wind. Among the "great medicines," its efficacy is the strongest; when it meets water, one must not hesitate and must process it quickly.

Jian Yu: Its common name is "Renshou" (Human Longevity). The text does not record its medicinal name. Its nature is rather cold. The leaves are as large as a palm and shaped like plantain. It can treat "ma pi."

The verse says: It grows around lakes and mountain streams, as far as the Tianshan range; the shoots stand several feet tall, and the leaves are pointed yet rounded. A sheet of white gold like white frost, it is also a numinous, fragrant herb; how could one easily obtain it whole?

Buyue Zhi: Its common name is "Wujun" (Fungus-Free). The text does not record its medicinal name. Its nature is warm, and it is found everywhere under heaven. It is purplish red and has no stem. It can treat malignant sores.

The surviving verse text mentions "mountain" and repeats lines such as "the shoots stand several feet tall, and the leaves are pointed yet rounded; a sheet of white gold like white frost, also a numinous, fragrant herb; how could one easily obtain it whole?"

Yin and Yang interweave, and breath (qi, 气) arises of its own accord, unaffected by the waxing and waning of Yin and Yang over the course of a month.

It can subdue and be subdued by mercury; even the "king of Yang" will lose its gentle nature because of it.

Haitong (Herb No. 136)

Its common name is Yanzhi. No name for it is recorded in the texts. It is warm in nature and grows beyond the Lingnan region. Its leaves resemble those of the Tongbei herb, with a whitish underside, and it can be used to regulate irregular meridians.

The verse says: Long ago the Empress Dowager once taught people to gather this herb, but since then, when people ask about it, no one continues the search. Do not say it cannot be used for the Golden Elixir (Jindan, 金丹; the elixir of alchemy); if someone asks, even merely obtaining it is worth more than gold.

Wuwangcao (Herb No. 137)

The texts give no common name for it. It is toxic in nature and grows in the Jianghuai region. It grows into a tree, with leaves two fingers wide, and can be used to treat "zanpan" (赞盘).

The verse says: Its leaves grow one after another, shaped like the moon; take it and you will obtain the root and foundation and become an immortal. How much more so if it is decocted together with the Returned Elixir (huandan, 还丹; an elixir produced through refining), how could it fail to form golden bones?

Wulilu (Herb No. 138)

Its book name and common name are the same. It is warm in nature and grows south of the Yangtze, with trailing, spreading branches. It can be used to treat incised wounds (jinchuang, 金疮; injuries caused by blades and the like).

The verse says: Its leaves are lush and its trailing branches are like vines; in the refining of mercury it is the most effective, with many uses. If, after being pounded, it still cannot take shape, keep decocting it until it becomes soft and sticky and can be drawn out like a cord.

Wusuisui (Herb No. 139)

Its common name is Jianzhi. No name for it is recorded in the texts. It is warm in nature and toxic, and grows in Yunnan. Its leaves are small and it bears seeds. It can be used to treat cold disorders.

The verse says: Golden patterns, scattered and disordered, draw forth green-blue flowers; the lands of Wu and Shu each have two places where it grows. When the time for gathering comes, take careful note: do not wait until the sun has slanted westward to pick it.

Raoyahuan (Herb No. 140)

"Lüe Shao Miao" is a local folk name, and the book does not record its formal name. It is produced in the land of Shu. Its vines grow by trailing and climbing, and it bears fruit. It can be used to treat fistulous sores.

The song says: Emperor Zhangjing (a Tang dynasty emperor) and the celestial maiden and immortal ascended to heaven because they obtained this numinous herb. Now that you know the Three Perfected Herbs, you will surely know how to pay court to the ancient sovereigns Xihuang and Xuanyuan.

Golden Flower Boat, No. 141

"Bai Fu Zhi" (Bowing Wife Mushroom) is a local folk name, and the book does not record its formal name. Its nature is cold. It is produced in Weinan. Its leaves are pointed and its stalk is long, and it can treat all kinds of wind disorders.

The song says: Red leaves, layer upon layer, wind high around the blue sky, and ten thousand blossoms grow up from the earth. When gathering them, you must consult Fangshuo (Dongfang Shuo); only you must not offend the spirits.

Lord Who Circles the River, No. 142

"Red Willow" is a local folk name, and the book does not record its formal name. Its nature is cold. It is produced in Zizhou. It grows like a tree, and it can also treat conditions such as hardened abdominal masses.

The song says: The immortals planted this herb with their own hands on the Heavenly Terrace, and every year they secretly send Perfected Ones to harvest it. Last year Fangshuo had some in his household too. Since an edict ordered an inspection, why not offer it up?

Wang Grass (Wangcao), No. 143

The book does not record a common name for it. Its nature is toxic. It is produced in the land of Shu and grows in the form of a tree, with leaves two fingers wide. It can treat sores and ringworm-like skin conditions.

The song says: The herb of long life grows in a distant land, and it can be refined together with the Returned Elixir (huandan). It does not have the lustrous beauty of other medicinal substances, yet it is skilled at combining with mercury.

Hellebore (Lilu), No. 144

The book does not record a common name for it. Its nature is warm. It is produced in the land of Shu, and its vines grow by trailing and climbing. The root bark can be used to treat metal wounds (injuries caused by blades and other metal weapons).

The song says: It grows deep in famous mountains, where the sun and moon shine. It can also assist in refining elixirs, and Master Zhu dares not contend with it for merit.

Euphorbia (Xusui Cao), No. 145

"Wen Zhi" (Inquiring Mushroom) is a local folk name, and the book does not record its formal name. Its nature is toxic. Its leaves are small and fine, and it bears seeds. It can treat cold-type conditions.

The song says: The great earth is covered with a thousand rivers, and the mountains hold the numinous qi of a hundred herbs. Setting out from here, one can go straight up to the Nine Heavens and gaze from the cliff's edge upon the Jade Capital (Yujing, a realm of the immortals in Daoist legend).

Various medicinal substances are gathered together in the Yuan (元) fascicle. This fascicle carries no accompanying verses or mnemonic rhymes, and lists eighty-five items in all, given below.

Tian Jiangjiang, Da Zhuzhu, Qian Nüzhi, Wu Fei, Luan Hua, Qin Nüluo, Xia Guang Shu, Xuan Yi, Fuzhen, Gu'er, Sanquan Cai, Jiuwei Chong, Qin Zhenren, Lei Cong, Qingqing, Yunü Hua, Tiansheng Zhi, Louyu Cao, Guyang, Yin Hua, Linglingcao, Fangshixiao, Baima Weichong, Qin Zhenren, Lei Cong, Qingqing, Yunü Hua, Tiansheng Zhi, Louyu Cao, Guyang, Yin Hua, Linglingcao, Fangshixiao, Baima Cai, Shi Jian, Tiandu, Shui Zisu, Fuxiu Zhi, Renmian Cai, Shi Mu, Gu Hao, Chen Gongche, Shui Jusheng, Fuyu Zhi, Tiantong, Gui Mu, Jiang Zhu'er, Qin Di Ban, Kupiao Hua, Yang Wei, Gou'er, Guimocao, Baiyang Zhi, Baixianpi, Gui Yu, Danjian, Wuyang Zhong, Tuanjin Yi, Hanjiacao, Yu Yin, Da Duan, Er Chi Jia, Wanli Chang, Yu Jiu Xing, Gou Ai, Gou Jiao, Baimao Shu, Jinying Tong, Tiantang Nü, Shen Jing, Xixin, Zi Kuwei, Chen Hou Xun, Gao Yang Wei, Nan Feng, Hong Mu, Cao Changchun, Zhangtian Shu, Bai Fu Zhi, Shi Hua, Shi Zhi, Fu Ren Chun, Luling Cao, Feng Zhenren, Zhu Tang, Zitan, Qin Nü Zhi, Shan Zisu, Gouxiancao, Tiantai Shucao, Shan Gucao, Tongti Man, Zhoumiancao, Linyu Yincao, Baihua Mu, Zi Shen Zhi.

In total there are eighty-five items. The names in the scripture are designations for substances used in alchemy; characters such as zhi (芝, "numinous fungus") are common in the names of Daoist medicinal and immortality-conferring substances. Only names are listed here, with no explanation of each substance's form, dosage, or method of refining.

Bai Luopin, Number 146.

A note on the source text: the Chinese list appears corrupted in places. Several entries are repeated (Qin Zhenren through Fangshixiao appear twice), one run of characters ("虾洸恕⑻炫衣") contains garbled characters and I have rendered it as "Xia Guang Shu, Xuan Yi" on a best-effort basis, and the entries as given do not clearly add up to eighty-five. I translated what was supplied rather than correcting it. Also, since the final title "白萝频" is likely a corrupted or obscure name, I have simply transliterated it.

Commonly called "Cloud Fungus" (yunzhi), it is known in the Daoist books as "Purple Fan." Its medicinal nature is mild, and it grows in Lingnan. Its leaves resemble oil-scoops (youba) of varying roundness, and the seedlings range unpredictably between purple and green. According to the Five Phases (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) and the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, it grows during the wu and ding periods and withers during the jia and ren periods. The plant stands several chi tall and can treat dysentery. It corresponds to the solar term Beginning of Autumn and is gathered on the fifth day after White Dew.

The verse says:

It does not grow more than a few chi tall, with leaves like oil-scoops, and it often springs up on the ridges of high mountains. Though it begins to grow only after spring, its potency is not full until autumn.

Azure Heaven Heart, No. 147

Commonly called "White Subtlety" (baiwei), it is known in the Daoist books as "Single Mugwort." Its nature is rather cool, and it comes from the Kingdom of Khotan. Its leaves resemble mugwort, with three leaves forming a single branch, and it bears bluish-yellow flowers. According to the Five Phases and the Stems and Branches, it grows during the jia and wu periods and withers during the ding and ren periods. It can treat internal injuries. It corresponds to the solar term Beginning of Winter and is gathered after White Dew.

The verse says:

Golden flowers bloom around the hills and fields, and its three leaves look as if cut by scissors. It can be combined with mercury, making the mercury a living medicine, and it can also serve as a medium for refining the Great Returned Elixir (dahuan dan).

Phoenix Nest, No. 148

Commonly called "Mountain Bamboo," it is known in the Daoist books as "Snow-Bearing Countenance." Its nature is rather cold, and it comes from the Kingdom of Southern India (Tianzhu). Its leaves resemble bamboo leaves and its stalks resemble woody branches, while its overall form is like the tip of a scallion; it bears purple flowers. According to the Five Phases and the Stems and Branches, it grows during the jia and ding periods and withers during the wu and ji periods. It can treat everted-flower sores. It corresponds to the solar term Limit of Heat and is gathered after the Beginning of Summer.

The verse says:

Like cold bamboo, it grows at the cliff's edge and also in people's courtyards. Its purplish-red flowers open without fixed season, delightful in their brilliance, and it looks lush in every season.

Red Vine, No. 149

Commonly called "Red Duckweed Herb," it is known in the Daoist books as "Heart of the Earth." Its nature is rather cold and its taste bitter. Its leaves are shaped like those of the paulownia and are purplish-red; it comes from the Kingdom of Silla. It can treat adverse sores. According to the Five Phases and the Stems and Branches, it grows during the wu and ren periods and withers during the ding and gui periods. It corresponds to the solar term Lesser Cold and is gathered after the Beginning of Spring.

The verse says:

Its leaves are like red curtains, climbing along railings, found on mountaintops and in courtyards alike. If you wish it to wither, simply cast it into the "Nine Waters," and within the water you will naturally recognize the purple fungus, the spirit herb.

"White Simurgh Aspect" (Bailuan xiang) should be gathered after the Beginning of Spring.

Red leaves grow around the railings like a crimson proclamation, and they can be seen on the mountaintops and in the courtyards.

If you wish it to wither, you need only know to cast it into the Nine Waters; once in the water, the numinous quality of the purple zhi (fungus of immortality) will appear.

No. 150: White Luan Aspect

Commonly called "clover" among the people, the books name it "Purple Surplus." Its medicinal nature is mild, and it can be combined with all manner of medicines. It is native to Central India and has no branches, only three leaves. According to the scriptures, it grows on wu and geng days and can treat consumptive illness. It corresponds to the solar term Grain in Ear and is gathered after the Beginning of Autumn.

From its vine grow three slender leaves, half leaning toward the pond and half growing beside the mountain rock.

To identify it, simply boil it in sunlight; after a month, refine it into a salty-flavored medicine.

No. 151: Sky-Sweeping Fish

Commonly called "Jade Emblem Zhi" among the people, the books name it "Silk-Pattern Herb." It is cold in nature and native to Ruizhou. Its leaves are about the size of a fingertip, and the plant is not tall, only a few chi (Chinese feet). According to the scriptures, it grows on jia and wu days and withers on bing and ding days, and it can treat water disorders. It corresponds to the solar term Beginning of Winter and is gathered after the Winter Solstice.

Beside the stream grows a herb whose leaf veins are distinct, like writing on scarlet silk; each year the cycle begins anew and the leaves turn green again.

When gathering and using it, one must observe its taboos, the most important of which is that it must never be exposed to water essence.

No. 152: Reverent True Person

Commonly called "Water Knot" among the people, the books name it "Yellow Thorn." It is hot in nature and native to Daizhou. Its leaves are blue-green, and it bears fruit. According to the scriptures, it grows on jia and ding days and withers on gui and ji days, and it can treat toothache. It corresponds to the solar term Cold Dew and is gathered after Lesser Heat.

White stems, one after another, wind around the mountain cliffs, and layer upon layer of leaves surround the blossoms.

Place a little of it beside a pool of green water, and from then on the Green Elixir will keep far from the dust of the world.

No. 153: Heavenly Circuit Zhi

Commonly called "Stone Willow" among the people, the books name it "Earth Zhi." It is hot in nature and native to Longyou. It resembles a willow, and the plant is not tall, only a few chi.

Its branches are as green as willow boughs; they fall in autumn and flourish again in spring.

Without the personal guidance of a Perfected One, even if one has the skill, where could one go to find a pure reputation?

No. 154: Water Peach

There is a plant commonly called "Green Red" (绿红), known in the texts as "Ying Zhi" (英芝, Heroic Mushroom-Herb). It is warm in nature and grows near water on Mount Lu in Jiangzhou, with a shape resembling a peach. According to the old account, it "is born in Wu and Ding and dies in Geng and Ji," a way of using the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to mark the growing season or the proper time for gathering. It can be used to treat paralysis. It corresponds to the solar term Great Cold and is gathered after the Spring Equinox.

The verse says: A marvelous plant, like the lingzhi mushroom, grows on a sacred mountain, its upright stalk rising beside the spring water of a winding mountain stream. It is well suited to extracting its essence to disperse water-qi, and it must be gathered in the warm days of spring.

Youwei Fang (No. 155)

This herb is commonly called "Stone Marrow" (石髓), and the texts call it "Diwei" (地微, Earth's Subtlety). It is cold in nature and grows in Hunan, with small leaves and delicate flowers. The old account says it "is born in Wu and Ding and dies in Jia and Yi." It can be used to treat qi-heat in the chest and diaphragm. It corresponds to the solar term Beginning of Autumn and is gathered after the End of Heat.

The verse says: Its fine leaves grow in clusters, its tiny flowers arranged in rows, and it can be seen on level slopes and on cliffs alike. Once gathered, examine the base of the stalk carefully to confirm that it is as slender as a hairpin's prong.

Lü Chongchong (No. 156)

This herb is commonly called "Double-Tiered Grass" (重台草), and the texts call it "Ci Yingzi" (茨影子, Thorn Shadow). It is warm in nature and grows in Longyou, its leaves varying in size and layered one upon another. The old account says it "is born in Bing and Ding and dies in Geng and Ji." It can be used to treat malignant sores. It corresponds to the solar term Grain in Ear and is gathered after the Beginning of Spring.

The verse says: Fruit forms within its leaves, and its medicinal power is great, treasured alike in heaven and among humans. It must be gathered in a state of purity, and when it is used in preparing medicines it should be handled with care. "Tun" and "Meng" are names of hexagrams in the Yijing (the Book of Changes), used here to remind the reader to exercise caution in its use.

Shan Jin Zhi (No. 157)

This herb is commonly called "Mountain Cloud Terrace" (山云台), and the texts call it "Nine-Hole Vegetable" (九孔菜). It is cold in nature and grows in Xianyang, its branches and leaves resembling the cloud-terrace herb. The old account says it "is born in Jia and Ding and dies in Mao and You." It can be used to treat all kinds of heat-wind disorders. It corresponds to the Winter Solstice and is gathered after the Awakening of Insects.

The verse says: Its branches coil and twist, growing amid the clouds and mist of the mountains, and it can be seen along cliff edges and beside pools. If the flowers are boiled several times, one can taste their sweetness.

Lü Jin Han (No. 158)

This herb is commonly called "Purple Stone Duckweed" (紫石苹), and the texts call it "Jiang Qi" (江蕲). It is warm in nature and toxic, and grows on Mount Zhongnan, and it is also found in pools of water.

After repeated boiling and refining within the flower, one comes to know its flavor is sweet and delightful.

Lüjinhan, "Threaded Gold Chill" (No. 158)

Commonly called "Purple Stone Duckweed," and named Jiangqi in the classical texts. It is warm in nature and toxic, and grows on Mount Zhongnan. Its leaves resemble those of mugwort, and its stem is purple. By the reckoning of the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, it flourishes on wu and ding days and declines on yi and gui days. It can be used to treat Qi (vital energy) swelling. It corresponds to the solar term Beginning of Autumn and is gathered after the Beginning of Winter.

The verse says: Moonlight falls on the golden pavilion and draws down the Perfected One; the third pool holds the most spiritual Qi. Gather it just after the Beginning of Winter, and take care to avoid the cries of flocks of cranes while gathering.

Beishuzi, "Shell-Rare Purple" (No. 159)

Commonly called "Wind-Stone Vine," and named "Earth Oil" in the classical texts. It is cold in nature and grows on Mount Baima. Its leaves are round, and its vines spread far. By the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, it flourishes on jia and yi days and declines on wu and ji days. It can be used to treat acute exhaustion. It corresponds to the solar term Lesser Cold and is gathered after the Spring Equinox.

The verse says: The vines stretch out and the branches and leaves line up, each leaf round. What makes it precious is that it grows beside cliffside springs. The so-called "Eight Stones" are not useless, but when using them, one must wait for the "Green Lotus" to be ground.

Hechunzhi, "Crane Spring Fungus" (No. 160)

Commonly called "Black-Foot Chicken Herb," and named "Slender Zhi Herb" in the classical texts. It is hot in nature and grows in Jingzhou. Its leaves are small and its stems slender. By the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, it flourishes on wu and ren days and declines on jia and yi days. It can be used to treat slippery dysentery. It corresponds to the solar term Summer Solstice and is gathered after Lesser Heat.

The verse says: It resembles the carved flowers on the skirt-sash of the Queen Mother of the West, with slender stems as though they came from the dwellings of immortals. It must be gathered in purity, and one should also watch for the time when the golden sunlight slants toward the west.

Shijie, "Stone Node" (No. 161)

Commonly called "Cold Seed," and named "Embracing Spring" in the classical texts. It is hot in nature and grows in Lantian County. Its leaves are large and pointed, and its purple stem bears nodes. By the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, it flourishes on gui and ji days and declines on zi and wu days. It can be used to treat heart pain. It corresponds to the solar term White Dew and is gathered after the Beginning of Winter.

The verse says: The leaves resemble mulberry leaves, the stem bears nodes, and it likes to grow on high cliffs. Used in the human world, it can ward off ghosts and demons; used in the heavens, it can overawe the spirits.

For the several medicinal substances above, one must follow the solar terms and the Six Jia stem-and-branch cycles, and observe their Yin-Yang and cold-and-hot transformations.

Shichun, "Stone Toon" (No. 162)

Commonly it is called "Jingzhi" (Radiant Fungus), and in the canonical texts "Huangfeng" (Yellow Wind). It grows in Jiangnan Circuit and is used to treat nausea and vomiting in the chest.

The verse says: Its branches grow section by section along the cliff face, nourishing and linking through like the veins of the sea, with a salty taste. It is a herb passed down from the Purple Yang realm in the heavens, and it can be used to boil red salt.

Stone Hu Vine (163)

Commonly it is called "Jiutian" (Nine Fields), and in the canonical texts "Tianzhou" (Heaven's Circuit). It grows in Beizhou and is used to treat infantile paralysis.

The verse says: Its vines stretch far into a dense web like the net of heaven. Those who study the immortal Way should not find it too abundant. When gathering it, pay attention to the season and guard against heavy rain; when setting out, there is no need to cross rivers.

Singing Crane Branch (164)

Commonly it is called "Shiye" (Stone Leaf), and in the canonical texts "Wenlu" (Asking Lu). It grows in Daizhou. A single branch bears several leaves and grows on rocks. It is used to treat all kinds of wind-cold disorders.

The verse mentions images such as the dragon fungus, the phoenix, the moonlit gravel, and the cliff summit. The last two lines say that it grows on the willow bank and mention placing it together with mercury and decocting it with salt. A few characters in the original poem are illegible.

The medicinal nature of all of the above is warm and hot. According to the Five Phases (Wuxing) and the system of Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, they flourish on jia and ren days and decline on yi and gui days. They correspond to the Winter Solstice, and one should search for and dig them up after the Beginning of Spring.

Earth Bamboo (165)

Commonly it is called "Jinping" (Golden Duckweed), and in the canonical texts "Gengzhi" (Renewed Fungus). Its medicinal nature is cold and cool, and it grows in Hebei. Its shape resembles a bamboo stalk and its color is green. It is used to treat obstruction of the throat. According to the Five Phases and the Stems and Branches, it flourishes on wu and ding days and declines on jia and yi days. It corresponds to the Great Cold and should be gathered after the Beginning of Winter.

The verse says: Its branches are slender and its leaves small and verdant, and it bears different names in heaven and among humans. The growing season of this plant is not easy to determine; if gathered when the flowers fall, its efficacy is greater.

Purple Gold Blossom (166)

Commonly it is called "Shixin" (Stone Heart), and in the canonical texts "Yuye" (Fish Leaf). Its medicinal nature is hot and toxic, and it grows in Luozhou. Its leaves are round, with a purple underside, and it is used to treat malignant sores. According to the Five Phases and the Stems and Branches, it flourishes on jia and ji days and declines on wu and ren days. It corresponds to the Spring Equinox and should be gathered after the Beginning of Summer.

Of the verse, only the words "the people of the world ask" remain.

The common name is "Stone Heart" (shixin), and the old texts call it "Fish Leaf." It is hot in nature and toxic, and grows in Luozhou. Its leaves are round with a purple underside, and it can treat malignant sores. By the stem-branch (ganzhi) system of time-reckoning, it is born on jia and ji days and dies on wu and ren days. It corresponds to the Spring Equinox and is gathered after the Start of Summer.

The verse says: People ask what herb this is, and the answer is that its leaves are round, with vermilion spots on the underside. Put it into the mysterious interior (xuan) and boil it together, and stones sunk at the bottom of the water will rise of their own accord.

Day Water Betony (No. 167)

The common name is "Great Peace" (taiping), and the old texts do not record it. It is warm in nature and grows around Chenzhou and Xuzhou. Its leaves resemble perilla, and its stem is purple. It can treat all kinds of illness.

The verse says: The leaves look as if they were cut to shape, with curled edges that gleam like gold, and they grow where water flows all year round. A Perfected One (zhenren) comes to gather them and threads them into the soft robes of the Palace of Purple Yang.

Stone Purple Vine (No. 168)

The common name is "Nutou Herb," and the old texts call it "Shijian." It is hot in nature and grows in Silla. Its leaves and vine stems bear thorns, and it can treat malignant sores.

The verse says: Its leaves twist and curve, winding along the mountain streams. It is a pity that this true spirit herb is overlooked by the world. Only the Dao practitioners of the Taihang and Southern Mountains know it, and they gather it to cook the "immortal fish."

Purple Cowry Vine (No. 169)

The common name is "Mirror Cold," and the old texts do not record it. It is hot in nature and grows in Luozhou. Its stem is purple, and its leaves grow above the flowers.

The verse says: Its purple leaves spread wide and its vines sway gracefully. It grows in the wild hills, but not in great numbers. Once gathered, it is said to cure a hundred illnesses, but sadly it grows among remote mountain crags.

Thousand Mulberry Vine (No. 170)

The common name is "Flower Mulberry," and the old texts call it "Jingsang." It is hot in nature and grows around Chenzhou and Xuzhou. Its branches and leaves trail and creep along, and it can treat pain in the lower back and spine.

The verse says: This is a jade-tree remedy handed down from the immortals, and someone once tasted it in person in Chenzhou and Xuzhou. When gathering the herb, one must fast and keep still. Taking it relieves pain and prolongs life.

Water Chrysanthemum, No. 171, is warm in nature and grows in the Chenzhou and Xuzhou region. Its leaves connect one to the next, and it spreads by trailing vines. It can treat pain in the lower back and spine.

The verse says: this is the "Jade Tree Formula" handed down from the immortals. The author once tasted this herb personally in Chenzhou and Xuzhou. When gathering it, one should fast, keep still and quiet, and avoid idle talk. Taken afterward, it can relieve pain and prolong life.

Water Chrysanthemum, No. 171, popularly called "Golden Rim," has no formal name recorded in the canonical texts and is produced in Henan Prefecture. Its leaves resemble those of the "qiao," and its flowers resemble chrysanthemums. It can treat all kinds of water-qi swelling. "Water qi" (shuiqi) is an ancient medical term for a class of disorders in which fluids accumulate and stagnate in the body.

The verse says: this herb is difficult to cultivate anywhere in the human world, yet it grows of its own accord in deep, distant woods. The place where it grows should have no other trees, and thorns should encircle it densely on all sides.

Zhangti (Roe-Deer Hoof), No. 172, popularly called "Qizhi," has no formal name recorded in the canonical texts and is cold in nature. Its leaves resemble the hoofprints of a roe deer, and its stem is purple. It can treat slippage and leakage (huailou), that is, symptoms in which semen or other bodily fluids are not properly held in.

The verse says: it is commonly called "Flower Mulberry," its leaves are like long, slender branches, and its branches trail and spread, growing beside streams. Its medicinal properties are close to those of Zhangti, and the two can be combined and taken mixed into iced water.