中文 · EN

《真誥》Vol. 19

Start reading →Report an error / feedback

Taixuan 太玄部 Vol. 19 / 20 5,990 characters

About this page. The original text of 《真誥》 Vol. 19 (Taixuan 太玄部, 20 volumes) is shown in Classical Chinese as transmitted in the Kanripo (Kyoto University) edition. An English interpretation of the 12 passages on this page accompanies it: select a passage or press “Interpretation” to show it. All texts in English

Back to 《真誥》
Reading modes explained
  • Horizontal: ordinary left-to-right reading; the interpretation can be shown.
  • Scroll: vertical text running right to left; the wheel scrolls sideways (no interpretation in this mode).
  • Wheel: columns of vertical text turn around a drum; use the wheel, drag or arrow keys, or auto-play.
  • Pages: about 200 characters per page; use the buttons, swipe or arrow keys.

Source textInterpretation

眞誥卷之十九定九     (金闕右卿司命蓬萊都水監梁國/師貞白眞人華陽隱居陶弘景造) 翼眞檢第一    眞誥叙録 眞誥運題象第一(此卷並立辭表意發詠暢/㫖論㝠數感對自相儔會) (分爲/四卷)眞誥甄命授第二(此卷並詮導行學誡/厲愆怠兼曉諭分挺) (炳發禍福/分爲四卷)眞誥恊昌期第三(此卷並修行條/領服御節度以) (會用爲宜/隨事顯法)眞誥稽神樞第四(此卷並區貫山/水宣叙洞宅測) (眞仙位業領理/所闕分爲四卷)眞誥闡幽微第五(此卷並鬼/神宫府官) (司氏族明形識不滅/善惡無遺分爲二卷)眞語握眞輔第六(此卷/是三) (君在世自所記録及書䟽徃/來非眞誥之例分爲二卷)眞誥翼眞檢第 七(此卷是摽明眞緒證質玄原悉隱/居所述非眞誥之例分爲二卷)    右眞誥一藴(其十六卷是眞人所/誥四卷是在世記述)  仰尋道經上清上品事極高眞之業佛經  妙法蓮華理會一乘之致仙書莊子内篇  義窮玄任之境此三道足以包括萬象體  具幽明而並各二十卷者當是璇璣七政  以齊八方故也隱居所製登眞隱訣亦爲  七貫今述此眞誥復成七日五七之數物  理備矣  夫眞人之㫖不同世目謹仰範緯候取其  義類以三言爲題所以莊篇亦如此者蓋
Interpretation

This passage presents Tao Hongjing (also known as Hermit of Huayang, a key figure in the Shangqing lineage of Daoism, revered as Zhenbai Zhenren) as the compiler of the Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected). Here is a section-by-section explanation:

First, it introduces Tao Hongjing, who held prestigious Daoist titles such as Golden Tower Right Minister of Destiny and Penglai Overseer of Waters, and was honored as the National Preceptor of Liang.

The text then details the seven-volume structure of Zhengao:

Volume 1, Yun Ti Xiang (Symbolic Prophecies), primarily records divine revelations and prophecies conveyed through symbolic language to express profound truths, divided into four sub-volumes.

Volume 2, Zhen Ming Shou (Instructions on Destiny), focuses on precepts for cultivation and spiritual guidance, warning against laxity and elucidating the principles of karmic retribution, also divided into four sub-volumes.

Volume 3, Xie Chang Qi (Harmonizing Auspicious Periods), documents practical cultivation methods, dietary taboos, and related practices.

Volume 4, Ji Shen Shu (Investigation of Divine Pivots), systematically organizes Daoist sacred sites (grotto-heavens and blessed lands) and the hierarchy of perfected beings.

Volume 5, Chan You Wei (Elucidating the Subtle), describes the bureaucratic system of the spirit world and the principles of moral retribution, divided into two sub-volumes.

Volume 6, Wo Zhen Fu (Grasping the True Auxiliary), collects correspondence between three perfected beings (likely referring to Yang Xi, Xu Mi, and others) during their earthly lives, serving as an appendix in two sub-volumes.

Volume 7, Yi Zhen Jian (Wings of True Verification), comprises Tao Hongjing's own textual research and annotations, also in two sub-volumes.

Tao Hongjing concludes by summarizing: The entire Zhengao comprises twenty volumes—sixteen containing divine revelations and four recording worldly matters. He elevates this scripture alongside the Buddhist Lotus Sutra and the Zhuangzi's Inner Chapters as the three supreme classics, representing respectively the pinnacle of Daoist cultivation, Buddhist wisdom, and metaphysical thought. He particularly notes that all three works' division into twenty volumes carries profound significance, resonating with the "Seven Regulators of the Northern Dipper" (the cosmic principle of celestial governance). His own Deng Zhen Yin Jue (Secret Instructions for Ascent to Perfection) is divided into seven parts, forming with Zhengao the "five-seven numerical pattern" (thirty-five), symbolizing the perfection of heavenly order.

Finally, he emphasizes: The intentions of the perfected differ from worldly understanding, hence the adoption of three-character titles (such as Yun Ti Xiang), mirroring the naming convention of the Zhuangzi's Inner Chapters (like Xiao Yao You), both designed to convey special profound meanings.

 長桑公子之微言故也俗儒觀之未解所  以 眞誥者眞人口㖟之誥也猶如佛經皆言佛 說而顧玄平謂爲眞迹當言眞人之手書迹 也亦可言眞人之所行事迹也若以手書爲 言眞人不得爲隸字若以事迹爲目則此迹 不在眞人爾且書此之時未得稱眞既於義 無㫖故不宜爲號 南嶽夫人傳載青籙文云歲在甲子朔日辛 亥先農饗旦甲寅羽水起安啓年經乃始傳 得道之子當修玉文 謹推按晋曆哀帝興寧二年太歲甲子正月 一日辛亥朔(曆忌可/祀先農)四日甲寅羽水(正月中/炁羽即) (雨/也)起者興也安者寧也故迂隱其稱耳如此 則興寧二年正月南眞已降授楊君諸經也 今檢眞授中有年月最先者唯三年乙丑歲 六月二十一日定録所問從此月日相次稍 有降事 又按中侯夫人告云令種竹北宇以致繼嗣 又云福和者當有二子盛德命世尋此是簡 文爲相王時以無兒所請於是李夫人生孝 武及會稽王(福和應是李夫人私/名也于時猶在卑賤)孝武崩時 年三十五則是壬戌年生又在甲子前二歲 如此衆眞降楊已久矣 又定録以乙丑年六月喻書與長史云曾得 徃年三月八日書此亦應是癸亥甲子年中 也 又按愕緑華以升平三年降即是己未歲又 在甲子前五年此降雖非楊君楊君已知見
Interpretation

This passage primarily discusses the dating of the Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected), an important scripture of the Shangqing (Highest Clarity) Daoist tradition, and related historical events. The subtle discourses of Immortal Changsang Gongzi often prove too profound for conventional Confucian scholars to grasp.

The term Zhengao signifies "oral instructions transmitted by the Perfected (those who have attained the Dao)," much like Buddhist sutras are attributed to the Buddha. Daoist master Gu Xuanping of the Eastern Jin dynasty regarded these as "authentic traces" (zhenji)—interpretable either as the Perfected's own handwritten texts or records of their spiritual deeds. However, if taken as literal autographs, the Perfected wouldn't have used clerical script; if understood as biographical accounts, these events weren't personally experienced by the Perfected. Moreover, the compilers hadn't yet attained perfection when recording these, making the title somewhat incongruous.

The text cites the Biography of the Lady of Southern Peak, which records an esoteric Daoist scripture called the Green Register (qingluwen): "On the xinhai day of the first lunar month in the jiazi year (first day of the new year), perform sacrifices to the First Farmer; on the jiayin day (fourth day), the 'Feathered Waters' (rainwater solar term) arrives, inaugurating the new cycle." This marks the proper time for adepts to practice the Jade Script (yuwen).

Historical verification confirms that the second year of Emperor Ai’s Xingning era (364 CE) was indeed a jiazi year, with the first month beginning on a xinhai day (auspicious for agricultural rites) and the fourth day (jiayin) coinciding with the rainwater solar term. The terms "initiation" (qi) and "tranquility" (an) subtly resonate with the era name "Xingning" (Prosperous Peace). This indicates that as early as the first month of 364 CE, the Lady Wei of Southern Peak—a central female immortal in Shangqing Daoism—had already begun transmitting scriptures to Yang Xi, the tradition’s key transmitter.

The earliest dated record in the extant Zhengao corresponds to the 21st day of the sixth month in the Xingning era’s third year (365 CE), when the Immortal Official Dinglu Jun first revealed teachings to Yang Xi, followed by subsequent spirit revelations.

Another account mentions the Lady Zhonghou advising the planting of bamboo in the northern quarter to secure offspring, after which Empress Li gave birth to Emperor Xiaowu and the Prince of Kuaiji. Calculating from Emperor Xiaowu’s death at age thirty-five, his birth year (renxu, 362 CE) predates the jiazi year by two years, suggesting the Perfected’s revelations to Yang Xi began even earlier.

In a letter dated the sixth month of the yichou year (365 CE), Dinglu Jun references "last year’s correspondence from the third month, eighth day," likely pointing to either guihai (363 CE) or jiazi (364 CE). Additionally, the female immortal E Lühua descended as early as the third year of the Shengping era (359 CE)—five years before the jiazi cycle—and though this revelation wasn’t directed at Yang Xi, he was already privy to these events by then.

而記之也又按乙丑歲安妃謂楊君曰復二 十二年明君將乘雲駕龍北朝上清則應以 太元十一年丙戌去世如此二十許載辭事 不少今之所存略有數年尋檢首尾百不遺 一又按衆眞未降楊之前已令華僑通傳音 意於長史華既漏妄被黜故復使楊令授而 華時文迹都不出世又按二許雖玄挺高秀 而質撓世迹故未得接眞今所授之事多是 爲許立辭悉楊授㫖䟽以未許爾唯安妃數 條是楊自所記録今人見題目云某日某月 某君㖟許長史及掾某皆謂是二許親承音 㫖殊不然也今有二許書者並是别寫楊所 示者耳 又按掾自記云泰和三年行某道二録是二 年受自三年後無復有䟽長史正書既不工 所繕寫蓋少今一事乃有兩三本皆是二許 重寫悉無異同然楊諸書記都無重本眀知 唯在掾間者于今頗存而楊間自有杳然莫 測自楊去後六七年中長史間迹亦悉不顯 又按今所詮綜年月唯乙丑歲事最多其丙 寅丁卯各數條而已且第一卷猶可領略次 第其餘卷日月前後參差不盡得序 又按凡所注日月某受多不書年今正率其 先後以爲次第事有斷絶亦不必皆得又本 無年月及不注某受者並不可知依先闕之 又按眞授說餘人好惡者皆是長史因楊請 問故各有所答並宻在許間于時其人未必
Interpretation

This passage details the compilation background and textual sources of the Zhen'gao (Declarations of the Perfected), a key Shangqing (Highest Clarity) scripture. During the Eastern Jin dynasty, the immortal consort Anfei prophesied that Yang Xi (known as Lord Yang) would ascend to the Shangqing heavens riding clouds and dragons after twenty-two years—a prophecy fulfilled by his passing in 386 CE.

Before the Perfected Ones (Zhenren) descended to manifest before Yang Xi, they first dispatched Hua Qiao to deliver instructions to Xu Mi (the Chief Officer). However, Hua Qiao violated celestial secrecy and was dismissed, after which Yang Xi became responsible for transmitting the teachings. Though Xu Mi and his son Xu Hui (collectively called the Two Xus) possessed firm Daoist resolve, their worldly attachments prevented them from receiving direct transmissions. Most extant scriptures consist of Yang Xi's oral transmissions to the Xus, with only a few records—those concerning Anfei—being personally transcribed by Yang Xi.

Current scripture headings that state "Transmitted by [Perfected Being] to Chief Officer Xu or Attendant Xu in [year/month]" actually refer to versions the Xus recopied from Yang Xi's transmissions. Xu Hui's personal records cease after noting his practice of certain methods in 368 CE. Since Xu Mi's calligraphy was poor and his transcriptions few, many events now exist in two or three variant versions—all being the Xus' recopied texts.

Within six or seven years after Yang Xi's death, Xu Mi's records also disappeared. The majority of surviving materials date to 365 CE, with only scattered entries from 366-367 CE. While the first scroll maintains chronological order, subsequent scrolls show temporal confusion. Many entries lack year notations, forcing editors to arrange them approximately. Those without dates or clear recipients are particularly difficult to authenticate.

The passage concludes by noting that all character evaluations in the text derive from Xu Mi's inquiries to the Perfected through Yang Xi. These confidential responses were originally stored secretly in the Xu household, unknown to the individuals being discussed.

悉知又按併衿接景陽安亦灼然顯說凡所 興有待無待諸詩及辭喻諷㫖皆是雲林應 降殯僊侯事義並亦表著而南眞自是訓授 之師紫微則下教之匠並不關儔結之例但 中候昭靈亦似别有所在既事未一時故不 正的的耳其餘男眞或陪從所引或職司所 任至如二君最爲領據之主今人讀此辭事 若不悟斯理者永不領其㫖故略摽大意宜 共宻之 又按二許應修經業既未得接眞無由見經 故南眞先以授楊然後使傳傳則成師所以 長史與右英書云南眞哀矜去春使經師見 授洞房云云而二許以世典爲隔未崇禮敬 楊亦不敢自處既違眞科故告云受經則師 乃耻之耶然則南眞是玄中之師故楊及長 史皆謂爲玄師又云疾者當啓告於玄師不 爾不差而長史與右英及衆眞書亦稱惶恐 言者此同於師儀爾實非師也 又按楊書中有草行多儳黵者皆是受㫖時 書既忽遽貴略後更追憶前語隨復增損之 也有謹正好書者是更復重起以示長史耳 又按三君手書今既不摹則混寫無由分别 故各注條下若有未見眞手不知是何君書 者注云某書又有四五異手書未辨爲同時 使寫爲後人更寫既無姓名不證眞僞今並 撰録注其條下以甲乙丙丁各甄别之 又按書字中有異手增損儳改多是許丞及
Interpretation

This passage primarily discusses details regarding scripture transmission, master-disciple relationships, and textual transcription from the Daoist classic Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected).

Concerning the identities of Lady Nan Zhen (a Daoist female immortal) and Lady Ziwei (a revered Daoist deity), the text clarifies that Nan Zhen served as the instructing master responsible for transmission, while Ziwei acted as the guiding preceptor for doctrinal teaching—neither belonged to the category of ordinary practitioners. Zhonghou Zhaoling (a Daoist divine being) appears to have held a distinct role. Among the male Perfected (Zhenren), some served as attendants, while others fulfilled specific duties, with the two most prominent Perfected (likely referring to Xu Mi and Xu Hui) acting as primary guides.

Regarding the scripture transmission process, because Xu Mi and Xu Hui had not yet reached the spiritual level required to receive the true scriptures, Lady Nan Zhen first transmitted them to Yang Xi (a renowned Eastern Jin dynasty Daoist), who then relayed them onward. This method established a master-disciple lineage. At the time, the Xu father and son were still preoccupied with secular classics and lacked proper reverence for Daoist scriptures, so Yang Xi dared not transmit the texts to them directly. Only later, upon realizing they had violated Daoist transmission protocols, did they come to understand the importance of honoring teachers and upholding the Dao.

The passage also meticulously documents the transcription process: Yang Xi’s hastily recorded drafts contained many corrections, and only later were they recopied into a clean version for the Chief Official (Xu Mi) to review. Since the original manuscripts by the three Perfected (likely Yang Xi, Xu Mi, and Xu Hui) could no longer be distinguished, the compiler had to annotate which sections belonged to whom. For unattributable passages, labels like "A," "B," "C," and "D" were used. Some textual emendations may have been made by Xu Cheng (Xu Mi) or others.

This account reflects the rigorous nature of early Daoist scripture transmission, emphasizing the critical role of master-disciple succession. Simultaneously, it records the various circumstances arising during the copying process, providing invaluable historical details for studying the transmission of Daoist scriptures.

丞子所爲或招引名稱或取會當時並多浮 妄而顧皆不能辨從而取之今既非摹書恐 漸致亂或並隨字注銘若是眞手自治不復 顯别 又按三君手迹楊君書最工不今不古能大 能細大較雖祖效郄法筆力規矩並於二王 而名不顯者當以地微兼爲二王所抑故也 掾書乃是學楊而字體勁利偏善寫經畫符 與楊相似鬱勃鋒勢迨非人功所逮長史章 草乃能而正書古拙符又不巧故不寫經也 隱居昔見張道恩善别法書歎其神識今睹 三君跡一字一畫便望影懸了自思非智藝 所及特天假此監令有以顯悟爾 又按三君手書作字有異今世者有龜龍虚 華顯服寫辭闕關之例三君同爾其楊飛(掾/飛) 楊我(掾/我)楊靈(長史靈/掾靈)楊眞(長史/眞)楊師(掾/師)楊惡 (長史/惡)此其自相爲異者又鬼魔字皆作摩淨 潔皆作盛潔盛貯皆作請貯凡大略如此亦 不可備記恐後人以世手傳寫必隨世改動 故摽示其例令相承謹按爾此諸同異悉已 具載在登眞隱訣中 又按三君書字有不得體者於理乃應治易 要宜全其本跡不可從實闇改則澆流散亂 不復固眞今並各朱郭疑字而注其下 又按三君多書荆州白牋歲月積久或首尾 零落或魚爛缺失前人糊㩉不能悉相連補
Interpretation

This passage primarily discusses the calligraphic styles and preservation issues concerning three eminent Daoist masters (Master Yang, Master Yuan, and Master Zhangshi). The text notes that Master Yang's calligraphy was the most exquisite, blending classical elegance with contemporary flair, his brushwork rivaling that of the famed Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi (the "Two Wangs"). However, his relatively low social status led to his work being overlooked. Master Yuan learned calligraphy from Master Yang, developing a vigorous and forceful style particularly suited for transcribing scriptures and drawing talismans (fulu). Master Zhangshi excelled in "zhangcao" (a cursive script style) but his regular script appeared archaic and clumsy, and his talismans lacked refinement, so he refrained from copying scriptures.

The author laments that even though he had encountered connoisseurs like Zhang Daoen, who could discern calligraphic excellence, he still found it difficult to fully grasp the profound subtleties of these three masters' authentic works—perhaps a limitation imposed by heaven-given comprehension.

Particular attention is given to the masters' unique character usage, which differed from contemporary norms. For instance, they wrote "ghosts and demons" (guimo) as "鬼摩" instead of "鬼魔," and "cleanliness" (jingjie) as "盛洁" rather than "洁净." Concerned that later generations might alter these authentic texts according to mundane writing conventions, the author explicitly notes these discrepancies and records them in the Secrets of the Ascent to Perfection (Dengzhen Yinjue).

Regarding preservation, the author emphasizes maintaining the original form of the calligraphy even if certain characters appear irregular, forbidding arbitrary corrections. For damaged "Jingzhou white paper" (a type of parchment), earlier restorers often failed to fully reconstruct the original appearance. The author adopts a method of outlining questionable characters in vermilion ink and adding explanatory notes beneath to preserve the authenticity of the works.

並先抄取書字因毁除碎敗所缺之處非復 眞手雖他人充題事由先言今并從實綴録 不復分析又按三君書有全卷者唯道授二 許寫酆都宫記是楊及掾書并有首尾完具 事亦相類其餘或五紙三紙一紙一片悉後 人糊連相隨非本家次比今并挑扷取其年 月事類相貫不復依如先卷 又按衆眞辭㫖皆有義趣或詩或戒互相酬 配而顧所撰眞迹枝分類别各爲部卷致語 用乖越不復可領今並還依本事并日月紙 墨相承貫者以爲詮次 又按起居寳神及明堂夢祝述叙諸法十有 餘條乃多是抄經而無正首尾猶如日芒日 象玄白服霧之屬而顧獨不撰用致令遺逸 今并詮録各從其例 又按有未見眞本復不測有無流傳所記舛 駁不類者未敢便頓省除皆且注所疑之意 各於條下 又按所載洞宫及諸山仙人氏族并欲以外 書詳注出其根宗恐大致顯泄仰忤㝠軌唯 有異同疑昧者略摽言之其酆宫鬼官乃可 隨宜顯說 又按此書所起以眞降爲先然後衆事繼述 眞降之顯在乎九華而顧撰最致末卷 又先生事迹未近眞階尚不宜預在此部而 顧遂載王右軍父子書傳並於事爲非今以 安記第一省除許傳别充外書神仙之例唯 先生成仙之後與弟書一篇留在下卷 又長史書即是問華陽事華陽事仍是答長
Interpretation

This passage primarily discusses the various challenges encountered during the compilation of the Daoist scripture Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected) and the methods employed to address them.

The compilers discovered that the original text contained numerous fragmented and damaged sections, with some content not written by the original author but added by later generations. In such cases, the compilers decided to faithfully record the material without deliberately distinguishing between authentic and spurious portions. Only the sections concerning "Daoist revelations" and the Xu family's records of Fengdu Palace (a Daoist netherworld palace) were relatively well-preserved. The other scattered fragments had been haphazardly pasted together by later editors and were now reorganized chronologically.

Regarding the sayings of various Perfected Immortals (Xian), which were originally categorized chaotically, they were now rearranged based on thematic relevance and writing chronology. Over a dozen cultivation methods such as "Daily Practices for Nourishing the Shen (spirit)" and "Dream Invocations of the Bright Hall" were mostly excerpts from classics but remained incomplete. These were all preserved with their sources duly noted.

When encountering content of uncertain authenticity, the compilers refrained from arbitrary deletion, instead annotating questionable passages beneath the original text. For materials concerning Grotto-Heavens and Blessed Lands (Daoist paradises) and immortal genealogies, to avoid disclosing celestial secrets, only brief explanations were provided for doubtful sections. However, the portions about Fengdu's underworld officials could be explained in greater detail.

Finally, the passage mentions the book's organizational principle: revelations from Perfected Immortals should take precedence, followed by other accounts. The original text inappropriately placed crucial content in the final scroll. Additionally, the biographies of Wang Xizhi and his son should not have been included; now only a letter Wang wrote to his younger brother after achieving immortality remains preserved.

As for the correspondence between the Chief Officer (Tao Hongjing) regarding inquiries about Huayang Grotto-Heaven (one of Daoism's Thirty-Six Grotto-Heavens), these letters were retained in their original form.

史書强分爲兩部於事相失今依㫖還爲貫 次又顧所記二許年月殊自違僻今謹依眞 嗳檢求又以許家譜參校注名異同在此卷 後 又按三君書迹有非疏眞㖟或寫世間典籍 兼自記夢事及相聞尺牘皆不宜雜在眞誥 品中既寳重筆墨今並撰録共爲第六一卷 顧所遺者復有數條亦依例載上 又眞誥中凡有紫書大字者皆隱居别抄取 三君手書經中雜事各相配類共爲證明諸 經既非聊爾可見便於例致隔今同出在此 則易得尋究又此六篇中有朱書細字者悉 隱居所注以爲誌别其墨書細字猶是本文 眞經始末 伏尋上清眞經出世之源始於晋哀帝興寧 二年太歲甲子紫虚元君上眞司命南嶽魏 夫人下降授弟子瑯瑘王司徒公府舍人楊 某使作隸字寫出以傳護軍長史句容許某 并弟三息上計掾某某二許又更起寫修行 得道凡三君手書今見在世者經傳大小十 餘篇多掾寫眞㖟四十餘卷多楊書(瑯瑘王/即簡文) (帝在東府爲/相王時也)長史掾立宅在小茅後雷平山 西北掾於宅治寫修用以泰和五年隱化長 史以泰元元年又去掾子黄民時年十七乃 收集所寫經符秘籙歷歲于時亦有數卷散 出在諸親通間今句容所得者是也元興三 年京畿紛亂黄民乃奉經入剡(長史父昔爲/剡縣令甚有)
Interpretation

This passage details the compilation process and historical background of the Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected), a foundational Daoist scripture.

The editors discovered that historical records had artificially divided the text into two disconnected sections. They therefore reintegrated the content according to its original meaning. They also noted chronological inconsistencies in the records concerning the two Xus (Xu Mi and his son Xu Hui), so they cross-referenced authentic manuscripts and consulted the Xu family genealogy to produce annotated corrections, with discrepancies noted in an appendix.

Regarding the handwritten texts of the Three Lords (Yang Xi, Xu Mi, and Xu Hui), some were not direct transmissions of sacred scriptures but rather copies of secular texts, dream records, or personal correspondence. These materials were deemed inappropriate for inclusion in the main body of the Zhengao. However, out of reverence for their calligraphy, they were compiled into a separate sixth volume. Additionally, several previously omitted passages were restored.

A special note: The purple-large-font sections in the Zhengao were excerpts of miscellaneous matters personally selected by Tao Hongjing (the Recluse) from the Three Lords' handwritten scriptures, categorized as supplementary evidence. These passages were originally rare and difficult to access; their inclusion here facilitates scholarly reference. The red-small-font annotations are Tao Hongjing’s commentaries, while the black-small-font text represents the original scripture.

Concerning the origins of the Shangqing (Highest Clarity) scriptures: These sacred texts first appeared in the second year of the Xingning era (Jiazi year, 364 CE) during the reign of Emperor Ai of Jin. They were bestowed by Lady Wei (Wei Huacun), the Perfected Lord of the Southern Marchmount and Director of Destiny of the Purple Void, who transmitted them to her disciple Yang Xi (then serving as a secretary in the Prince of Langye’s ministerial office). Yang transcribed them in clerical script and passed them to Xu Mi (a military officer) and his third son, Xu Hui (a government clerk). The two Xus continued copying and practicing these texts, ultimately attaining the Dao. The surviving manuscripts of the Three Lords include over ten scripture commentaries (mostly Zhengao transcribed by Xu Hui) and more than forty scrolls (mostly written by Yang Xi). The "Prince of Langye" here refers to the future Emperor Jianwen during his tenure as Chancellor.

Xu Mi and his son resided northwest of Leiping Mountain, behind Lesser Maoshan, where Xu Hui transcribed scriptures and cultivated the Dao until his ascension in 370 CE. Xu Mi passed away in 376 CE. Xu Hui’s son, Xu Huangmin, then seventeen, began collecting his father’s remaining scriptures and talismans (fulu), though some were scattered among relatives—those now found in Jurong belong to this category. Amid the turmoil of 404 CE, Xu Huangmin relocated to Shan County (where his father had once served as magistrate), taking the scriptures with him.

(德惠長史大兄亦又/在剡居是故投憩焉)爲東闡馬朗家所供養 (朗一名/温公)朗同堂弟名罕共相周給時人咸知 許先生得道又祖父亦有名稱多加宗敬錢 塘杜道鞠(即居士京/産之父)道業富盛數相招致于 時諸人並未知尋閲經法止禀奉而已至義 熙中魯國孔默崇信道教爲晋安太守罷職 還至錢塘聞有許郎先人得道經書具存乃 徃詣許許不與相見孔膝行稽顙積有旬月 兼獻奉殷勤用情甚至許不獲已始乃傳之 孔仍令晋安郡吏王興繕寫(興善有心尚又/能書畫故以委) 之孔還都唯寳録而已竟未修用元嘉中復 爲廣州刺史及亡後其子熙先休先才學敏 贍竊取看覽見大洞眞經說云誦之萬遍則 能得仙大致譏誚殊謂不然以爲仙道必須 丹藥鍊形乃可超舉豈有空積聲詠以致羽 服兼有諸道人助毁其法或謂不宜蓄此因 一時焚蕩無復孑遺(此當是㝠意不欲使流/傳於外世故也後熙先) (等復與范曄/同謀被誅也)王興先爲孔寫輒復私繕一通 後將還東修學始濟浙江便遇風淪漂唯有 黄庭一篇得存興乃自加切責仍住剡山稍 就讀誦山靈即火燒其屋又於露壇研詠俄 頃驟雨紙墨霑壞遍數遂不得畢興深知罪 譴杜絶人倫唯書曆日貿糧以續炁命其子
Interpretation

This account tells the story of Daoist scriptures circulating during the Eastern Jin dynasty. Ma Lang (also known as Wen Gong) and his cousin Ma Han jointly supported the reclusive Master Xu (a realized Daoist adept) who lived in Shanyin County. Although Du Daoju of Qiantang (father of Du Jingsheng) was wealthy and frequently invited Master Xu, most people merely revered him without deeply studying the Daoist scriptures.

During the Yixi era (405–418), Kong Mo of the Lu region (former governor of Jin'an) returned to Qiantang after leaving office. Hearing that the Xu family possessed scriptures of realization, he sought an audience. Master Xu initially refused, but after Kong Mo persisted for over a month with kowtows and kneeling, he was moved and granted transmission. Kong Mo had Wang Xing, a clerk from Jin'an (who excelled in calligraphy and painting), copy the scriptures. However, after returning to the capital, Kong Mo merely treasured them as rare objects without practicing their teachings.

By the Yuanjia era (424–453), Kong Mo had become governor of Guangzhou. After his death, his sons Kong Xixian and Kong Xiuxian secretly examined the Dadong Zhenjing (Great Cavern of Truth Scripture) and found it claimed that reciting it ten thousand times could lead to immortality. Skeptical, they believed immortality required elixirs to refine the physical body. Influenced by certain Daoists who disparaged this method, they burned the scripture.

Earlier, while copying the scriptures for Kong Mo, Wang Xing had secretly made a duplicate for himself. Later, he journeyed eastward to study, but while crossing the Zhe River, a storm capsized his boat, leaving only the Huangting Jing (Yellow Court Scripture) intact. Overcome with remorse, Wang Xing secluded himself on Mount Shan to recite the scripture—only for mountain spirits to set his hut ablaze. When he studied outdoors, torrential rains ruined the text. Deeply aware of his transgressions, he withdrew from society entirely, surviving only by selling almanacs for food.

道泰爲晋安船官督資産豐富數來拜獻兼 以二奴奉給興一無留納而終乎剡山於是 孔王所寫眞經二本前後皆滅遂不行世(此/當) (是興先不師受妄竊/寫用所致如此也) 復有王靈期者才思綺拔志規敷道見葛巢 甫造構靈寳風教大行深所忿嫉於是詣許 丞求受上經丞不相允王凍露霜雪幾至性 命許感其誠到遂復授之王得經欣躍退還 尋究知至法不可宣行要言難以顯泄乃竊 加損益盛其藻麗依王魏諸傳題目張開造 制以備其録并增重詭信崇貴其道凡五十 餘篇趍競之徒聞其豐博互來宗禀傳寫既 廣枝葉蘩雜新舊渾淆未易甄别自非已見 眞經實難證辨(其點綴手本頗有漏岀即今/猶存又朱先生僧摽學增褚) (公伯玉語云天下才情人故自絶羣吾與王/靈期同船發都至頓破崗䇐竟便已作得兩) (卷上經實自可訝自靈期已前上經已徃徃/舛雜弘農楊洗隆安和四年庚子歲於海陵) (再遇隱盟上經二十餘篇有數卷非眞其云/尋經已來一十二年此則楊君去後便以動) (作故靈寳經中得取以相糅非都/是靈期造製但所造製者自多耳)今世中相 傳流布京師及江東數郡略無人不有但江 外尚未多爾(此當是道法應宣而眞妙不/可廣布故令王造行此意也)王
Interpretation

During the Jin dynasty, there was a man named Dao Tai who served as the Supervisor of Shipbuilding in Jin'an. Though wealthy, he repeatedly visited Xu Mi (courtesy name Xingxian) bearing gifts and even sent two servants to attend him—yet Xu Mi steadfastly refused all offerings. Later, Dao Tai died on Mount Shan, and the two authentic scriptures he had copied from Kong Mo (a Daoist figure) were lost with him. (This likely occurred because Xu Mi had never formally accepted him as a disciple, yet he privately transcribed the scriptures anyway.)

There was also a man named Wang Lingqi, highly talented but morally dubious. Seeing the Lingbao school (a Daoist tradition) promoted by Ge Chaofu gaining widespread popularity, he grew envious and approached Xu Cheng, Xu Mi's younger brother, to request scriptures from the Shangqing tradition. Initially, Xu Cheng refused, but Wang Lingqi knelt in the snow and wind for so long that he nearly froze to death. Moved by his "sincerity," Xu Cheng eventually transmitted some of the texts to him.

Upon obtaining the scriptures, Wang Lingqi was overjoyed. Studying them closely, he realized that the most profound Daoist methods could not be openly taught, and key oral instructions were difficult to articulate clearly. So he began altering the texts himself, embellishing them with ornate language and imitating the biographical styles of Wang Yuan and Wei Huacun (Daoist immortals), fabricating over fifty counterfeit scriptures. Eager seekers of the Dao, hearing of his extensive collection, flocked to study under him. These forged texts spread widely, mixing with genuine ones until only those who had seen the originals could distinguish the difference. (Traces of his alterations can still be found today. At the time, a certain Master Zhu and Chu Boyu remarked: "Wang Lingqi set sail with us, but before we even reached Pogangli, he had already fabricated two volumes of scriptures—his speed was astonishing.")

In truth, even before Wang Lingqi, the Shangqing scriptures had already suffered considerable corruption. In the fourth year of the Long'an era (400 CE) of the Eastern Jin, Yang Xi (courtesy name Hongnong) encountered a gathering of recluses in Hailing and discovered that several of the twenty-plus circulating texts were forgeries. The Lingbao scriptures also incorporated some of these spurious texts, though the majority were Wang Lingqi's fabrications.

Today, these counterfeit scriptures are widespread in the capital and several commanderies of Jiangdong, held by nearly everyone—though they remain rare beyond the Jiangnan region. (This may be the will of Heaven: the true sublime methods cannot be widely disseminated, so opportunists like Wang Lingqi found their opening.)

既獨擅新竒舉世崇奉遂託云眞授非復先 本許見卷袠華廣詭信豐厚門徒殷盛金帛 充積亦復莫測其然乃鄙閉自有之書而更 就王求寫於是合迹俱宣同聲相讚故致許 王齊轡眞僞比蹤承流向風千里而至後又 有菜買者亦從許受得此十數卷頗兼眞本 分張傳受其迹不復具存(菜買善行下道之/教於上經不甚流) (傅/也)馬朗既見許所傳王經卷目增多復欲更 受營理詭信克日當度忽夢見有一玉椀從 天來下墜地破碎覺而發疑云此經當在天 爲寳下地不復堪用於是便停(論馬朗雖不/修學而寳奉) (精至夢既不凡解之/又善亦應是得道人)元嘉六年許丞欲移歸 錢塘乃封其先眞經一厨子且付馬朗淨室 之中語朗云此經並是先靈之迹唯須我自 來取縱有書信愼勿與之乃分持經傳及雜 書十數卷自隨來至杜家停數月疾患慮恐 不差遣人取經朗既惜書兼執先㫖近親受 教敕豈敢輕付遂不與信我而許便過世所 賫者因留杜間即今世上諸經書悉是也許 丞長子榮弟迎喪還郷服闋後上剡就馬求 經馬善料理不與其經許既慙戢不復苦索 仍停剡住因又以靈期之經教授唱言並寫 眞本又皆注經後云某年某月某眞人授許 遠遊(于時世人多知先生服食入山得/道而不究長史父子事迹故也)人亦
Interpretation

This passage recounts the intricate transmission history of the Daoist scripture Zhengao (Declarations of the Perfected).

During that period, a man named Xu Cheng claimed to have received extraordinary scriptures through divine revelation, earning widespread admiration. He concealed his original collection of texts and instead sought to copy scriptures from the Wang family. As a result, authentic and forged scriptures became mixed in circulation, while the reputations of both the Xu and Wang families flourished, attracting numerous followers and accumulating considerable wealth. Later, a man named Cai Mai obtained over a dozen scrolls from the Xu family, some of which contained portions of genuine texts.

There was also a man named Ma Lang who, though not a practitioner of Daoist cultivation, was deeply reverent. He dreamed of a jade bowl falling from the sky and shattering, interpreting it as a celestial sign that the mysteries should not be carelessly revealed. Consequently, he ceased his pursuit of the scriptures. In the sixth year of the Yuanjia era (during the Liu-Song Dynasty), when Xu Cheng intended to return to Qiantang, he entrusted a chest of precious "Xianzhen Jing" (early Daoist scriptures) to Ma Lang for safekeeping, specifically instructing that they must be retrieved in person.

Later, when Xu Cheng fell ill and sent someone to retrieve the texts, Ma Lang, valuing the scriptures and remembering Xu's instructions, refused to hand them over. After Xu Cheng's death, the scriptures he had carried with him remained with the Du family, becoming a source for circulating texts at the time. When Xu Cheng's eldest son, after completing the mourning period, sought the scriptures from Ma Lang without success, he stayed in Shanyuan (modern Shengzhou, Zhejiang) to transmit the Lingqi Jing (Scripture of Numinous Cycles). He also annotated the texts, recording that on a certain year, month, and day, a certain Perfected One had transmitted them to Xu Yuanyou (Xu Cheng). At the time, many knew of Xu Cheng's practice of ingesting elixirs and attaining the Dao in the mountains, but few understood the detailed process of scriptural transmission between father and son.

The text mentions "lower practices" (xiadao), referring to less advanced cultivation methods in Daoism, while "upper scriptures" (shangjing) denote higher-level classics. This account reflects the early Daoist tradition of mingling authentic and forged texts in transmission, as well as the secretive master-disciple lineage system. It also illustrates the ancient reverence for the sacred nature of scriptures.

初無疑悟者經涉數年中唯就馬得兩三卷 眞經頗亦宣泄(今王惠朗諸人/所得者是也)元嘉十二年 仍於剡亡因葬白山(榮弟在剡大縱淫侈都/不以經學爲意所以何) (公在馬家/快得尋寫)馬朗馬罕敬事經寳有過君父𢘆 使有心奴子二人(一名白首/一名平頭)常侍直香火洒 掃拂拭每有神光靈炁見於室宇朗妻頗能 通見云數有青衣玉女空中去來狀如飛爲 馬家遂致富盛盜産巨萬年老命終朗子洪 洪弟眞罕子智等猶共遵向末年事佛乃弛 廢之爾(此當是經運/應出所致也) 山隂何道敬志向專素頗工書畫少遊剡山 爲馬家所供侍經書法事皆以委之見此符 跡炳焕異於世文以元嘉十一年稍就摹寫 馬罕既在别宅兼令何爲起數篇所以二録 合本仍留罕間何後多换取眞書出還剡東 墅青壇山住乃記說眞經之事可有兩三紙 但何性鄙滯不能精修高業後多致散失猶 餘數卷今在其女弟子始豐後堂山張玉景 間(何常以彭素爲事質又野朴顧居士聞其/得經故徃詣尋請正遇見荷鋤外還顧謂) (是奴僕因問何公在否何答不知於是還裏/永不相見顧留停累日謂苦備至遂不接之) (時人咸以何鄙耻不/除而失知人之會也)何既分將經去又泄說 其意馬朗忿恨乃洋銅灌厨籥約敕家人不
Interpretation

This passage records authentic accounts regarding the transmission of the Zhengao scriptures during the Liu-Song dynasty. In the initial years, the Ma family obtained only two or three authentic scrolls, some contents of which had already circulated externally (these were the texts later held by Wang Huilang and others). In the 12th year of the Yuanjia era, a person passed away in Shan County and was buried at White Mountain. The Ma brothers—Ma Lang and Ma Han—revered these scriptures even more than they honored their sovereign or father, assigning two trusted servants (one named White-Haired, the other Flat-Head) to meticulously care for the texts, performing daily cleaning and offerings. It was said divine radiance and numinous Qi frequently manifested in the scripture chamber, and Ma Lang's wife reported repeatedly witnessing green-robed celestial maidens flying through the air. The Ma household consequently prospered greatly, amassing considerable wealth. Ma Lang's sons Ma Hong and Ma Zhen, along with Ma Han's son Ma Zhi, initially continued upholding the scriptures but later neglected them after converting to Buddhism in their twilight years.

He Daojing from Shanyin, a man of simple character skilled in calligraphy and painting, traveled to Shan Mountain in his youth and was invited by the Ma family to oversee scripture maintenance and ritual affairs. In Yuanjia 11, he began copying the talismanic registers (fulu) from these scriptures, discovering their characters shone with extraordinary brilliance unlike any mundane writing. When Ma Han resided elsewhere, he still commissioned He Daojing to transcribe several sections, leaving duplicate copies in Ma Han's possession. Later, He repeatedly substituted counterfeit texts for authentic scriptures, returning to his residence at Green Altar Mountain east of Shan where he recorded some matters concerning the true scriptures across two or three pages. However, He's coarse temperament prevented dedicated cultivation, causing many scriptures to scatter—only a few scrolls remained with his female disciple Zhang Yujing at Rear Hall Mountain in Shifeng. He Daojing made his living farming, maintaining rustic simplicity. When lay practitioner Gu heard of his scriptural acquisitions and specially visited, he encountered He returning with a hoe and mistook him for a servant. Asking "Is Master He present?", He replied "I wouldn't know"—thus their meeting was missed. After enduring days of fruitless waiting, Gu ultimately never met him. Contemporaries considered this a missed opportunity for He to connect with enlightened beings due to his boorishness. Not only did He appropriate scriptures, he also leaked their contents. When Ma Lang discovered this, he became furious, sealing locks with molten copper and strictly forbidding family members from external transmission.

得復開大明七年三吴飢饉剡縣得熟樓居 士惠明者先以在剡乃復携女師塩官鍾義 山眷屬數人就食此境樓既善於章符五行 宿命亦皆開解馬洪又復宗事出入堂靜備 覩經厨先已見何所記意甚貪樂而有鐍嚴 固觀覽無方景和元年乃出都令嘉興殳季 眞啓敕封取景和既猖狂樓謂上經不可出 世乃料簡取眞經眞傳及雜㖟十餘篇乃留 置鍾間唯以豁落符及眞㖟二十許小篇并 何公所摹二録等將至都殳即以呈景和於 華林暫開仍以付後堂道士泰始初殳乃啓 將出私解 陸修靜南下立崇虚館又取在館陸亡隨還 廬山徐叔摽後將下都及徐亡仍在陸兄子 瓌文間(此中有三君所書眞受後人糊連裝/㩉分爲二十四篇建元三年敕董仲) (民徃廬山營功德董欲求神異徐因分楊書/一篇爲兩篇與董還上高帝高帝以付五經) (典書戴慶戴慶出外仍將自隨徐因亡後弟/子李果之又取一篇及豁以去所餘惟二十) (一篇悉以還/封昭臺也) 樓從都還仍住剡就鍾求先所留眞經鍾不 以還之乃就起寫久久方得數篇既與馬洪 爲恨移歸東陽長山馬後遂來潜取而誤得 他經樓中時似復有所零落今猶應一兩篇 在(其二卷已/還封昭臺) 眞誥卷之
Interpretation

This account documents events during the great famine of the Three Wu regions in the 7th year of the Daming era (463 CE) under the Liu-Song dynasty. At that time, a Daoist practitioner named Layman Lou Huiming from Shan County (present-day Shengzhou, Zhejiang) provided refuge for the female master Zhong Yishan from Yanguan and her family. Lou was skilled in talismanic arts (Fulu) and Five Phases (Wuxing) divination, with profound understanding of karmic causality from past lives (sukhavati). A man named Ma Hong became his disciple and was permitted access to his meditation chamber to study scriptures. Ma particularly admired the records left by a certain Daoist surnamed He, though strict preservation protocols prevented casual perusal.

In the 1st year of the Jinghe era (465 CE), imperial envoys came to collect scriptures. Lou deemed the most essential classics unsuitable for dissemination, selecting only partial authentic scriptures (Zhenjing), biographical records, and over ten miscellaneous transmissions to leave with the Zhong family. He personally brought about twenty short texts including the Huoluo Talisman and two copied manuscripts from Daoist He to the capital. These were presented to Emperor Liu Ziye (Emperor Jinghe) and initially stored in Hualin Garden before being transferred to court Daoists for safekeeping. During the Taishi period (465-471 CE), the texts were privately removed again.

When the renowned Daoist Lu Xiujing later traveled south to establish Chongxu Abbey, he acquired portions of these scriptures. After Lu's death, his nephew Lu Gui became their custodian (these included precious manuscripts personally written by three high adepts, later rebound into twenty-four sections). In the 3rd year of the Jianyuan era (481 CE), when the court dispatched Dong Zhongmin to Mount Lu, another portion was presented to Emperor Gao of Qi, ultimately kept by the Five Classics archivist Dai Qing.

Upon returning from the capital, Lou requested the authentic scriptures left with the Zhong family but failed to retrieve them, resorting to slow transcription. After conflict with disciple Ma Hong, Lou relocated to Changshan in Dongyang. Ma later secretly took scriptures but mistakenly removed other texts instead. Through these transmissions, most texts were scattered, with only a few chapters eventually returned to the imperial library at Zhaotai.

十九

Source text: Kanripo 漢籍リポジトリ(KR5d0036); Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Report an error / feedback

← Vol. 18 Vol. 20 →