《皇極經世》Vol. 15

In the fifth year of King You's reign (jiazi year), he deposed Queen Shen and Crown Prince Yijiu, made Bao Si queen and Bofu crown prince, and appointed Guo Shifu as minister.

In the gengwu year, the Marquis of Shen joined with the Quanrong to attack the Zhou dynasty. They defeated King You at Mount Li and killed him. The armies of Jin and Qin, leading those of Zheng, Wei, and other states, drove out the Quanrong and enthroned Crown Prince Yijiu as king. This was King Ping of Zhou. King Ping moved the capital east to Luoyi, and from then on the Zhou dynasty entered the Eastern Zhou period.

In the xinwei year, King Ping conferred enfeoffment mandates on Marquis Wen of Jin and Duke Xiang of Qin. Qin received the lands west of Qishan, and Jin received Henei. In the renshen year, Qin established the Xizhi to sacrifice to the White Emperor, and Duke Hui of Lu took the throne. In the yihai year, Duke Wen of Qin ascended. In the jimao year, Qin moved east and settled between the Qian and Wei rivers. In the guiwei year, Duke Zhuang of Wei ascended. In the yiyou year, Qin built the Fuzhi.

In the twenty-fourth year of King Ping (jiawu), Marquis Zhao of Jin ascended. In the yiwei year, Marquis Zhao enfeoffed his younger brother Chengshi at Qucheng. In the dingyou year, Duke Zhuang of Zheng ascended, and in the wuxu year he enfeoffed his younger brother Duan in the capital.

In the gengzi year, Prince Zhou Zhou of Wei rebelled by force. In the xinchou year, civil strife broke out in Chu, and Xiong Tong killed the ruler and made himself lord. In the renyin year, Pan Fu, a Jin official, murdered Marquis Zhao and tried to bring in Uncle Huan, but failed. The people of Jin killed Pan Fu and instead installed Ping, a younger brother of Marquis Zhao. This was Marquis Xiao of Jin.

The "Jingyuan," "Jinghui," "Jingyun," and "Jingshi" named in this passage are the hierarchical era names by which the Huangji Jingshi (Supreme Ultimate Principles for Governing the World) orders historical dates. "Jiazi," "Yichou," and the like are sexagenary cycle year designations. The Xizhi and Fuzhi were altars where the state of Qin sacrificed to the spirits of heaven and earth.

Zhou Xu, a prince of Wei, fled the state of Wei.

The year jiyou.

In the year gengxu, Zhuang Bo, son of the Duke of Quwo in Jin, succeeded after the death of Duke Huan of Quwo. In Qi, Duke Li succeeded after the death of Duke Zhuang.

The year xinhai.

In the year renzi, Duke Huan of Song fell gravely ill and passed the ruler's position to his younger brother, Duke Mu.

The year guichou.

The year jiayin.

The year yimao.

The year bingchen.

In the year dingsi, Zhuang Bo of Quwo entered the city of Yi and killed Marquis Xiao of Jin. The people drove Zhuang Bo out and installed Marquis Xiao's son as ruler. This was Marquis E.

The year wuwu.

In the year jiwei, Duke Yin of Lu acceded to the throne.

The year gengshen.

In the year xinyou, King Ping of Zhou died, and his grandson Lin succeeded him as King Huan of Zhou. The Zhou royal house fell out with the state of Zheng. Duke Mu of Song fell gravely ill and passed the ruler's position to his nephew, the heir apparent Feng, son of his elder brother. Feng fled to Zheng.

In the year renxu, Zhou Xu, a prince of Wei, staged a rebellion, killed Duke Huan of Wei, and declared himself ruler. Song joined the armies of Chen, Cai, and Wei in an attack on Zheng, and at Pu they killed Zhou Xu. The people of Wei went to Xing and welcomed Jin, a younger brother of Duke Huan, back to the state, installing him as ruler. This was Duke Xuan of Wei.

In the year guihai, Zhuang Bo of Quwo, with troops from Zheng and Xing, attacked Yi. The Zhou king sent Yin Wu to assist the Marquis of Yi. Zhuang Bo then rebelled against the king, and the king dispatched the state of Guo to attack him. The Marquis of Yi fled to Sui. The people of Jin and the Marquis of Guo installed the Marquis of Yi's son Guang as ruler. This was Marquis Ai. Zheng attacked Song.

The year yin recorded in the Huangji Jingshi (The Supreme Ultimate Canon of World Governance) lies 2,211 years after the starting point of that work's chronology.

In the year jiazi, the third year of King Huan of Zhou, the Marquis of Yi of Jin returned from Sui to E. This was Marquis E.

In the year yichou, Zhuang Bo of Quwo died, and his son Cheng succeeded him. This was Duke Wu.

In the year bingyin, the dukes of Song, Qi, and Wei met at Wawu.

In the year dingmao, Qin moved its capital from the region between the Qian and Wei rivers to Yong.

In the year wuchen, Qi joined the armies of Lu and Zheng in an attack on Song.

In the year jisi, civil strife broke out in Lu. Prince Hui of Lu killed Duke Yin and installed the son of Duke Hui as ruler. This was Duke Huan. Yu Fu became Grand Steward.

The year gengwu.

In the year xinwei, civil strife broke out in Song. The Grand Steward Hua Du killed the Minister of War, Kong Fujia, then killed Duke Shang of Song. He went to Zheng, brought back Feng, son of Duke Mu, and installed him as ruler. This was Duke Zhuang of Song.

In the year renshen, Wu of Quwo in Jin defeated the Jin army on the bank of the Fen River and captured Marquis Ai of Jin. The people of Jin installed Marquis Ai's son as ruler. This was Xiaozi Hou.

In the year guiyou, Wu of Quwo killed Marquis Ai of Jin at Quwo.

In the year Jiaxu, King Huan of Zhou led troops from Cai, Wei, and Chen to attack Zheng, and the campaign went badly. An arrow struck the king in the shoulder.

In the year Yihai, the people of Cai killed Chen Tuo. The Rong attacked Qi, and Zheng sent Prince Hu to relieve it, where he distinguished himself. Chu attacked Sui and had Sui petition the Zhou court to recognize the Chu ruler's title.

In the year Bingzi, Duke Wu of Qu Wo in Jin entered the territory of Yi and killed Xiaozihou. King Zhou sent Guo Zhong to attack Qu Wo, and Duke Wu was forced to return to Qu Wo. Guo Zhong then installed Min, the younger brother of Marquis Ai, as ruler.

In the year Dingchou, civil strife broke out in Qin, and Duke Ning died. The Three Fu deposed the heir and set up another son of Duke Ning in his place. That same year, Xiong Tong of Chu attacked Sui, expanded his territory to the east, reached the banks of the Pu River, and then declared himself king. This was King Wu of Chu.

The year Wuyin.

The year Jimao.

In the year Gengchen, Duke Zhuang of Zheng died, and his heir Hu succeeded him. Song seized Zheng's minister Zhai Zhong and forced him to install Tu as ruler of Zheng. This was Duke Li of Zheng. Hu fled to Wei, and Zhai Zhong monopolized political power. Duke Xuan of Wei had his two sons, Ji and Shou, killed.

In the year Xinsi, Duke Xuan of Wei died, and his son Shuo succeeded him. This was Duke Hui of Wei.

In the year Renwu, Qi joined Song, Wei, and Yan in an attack on Lu, and the campaign failed.

In the year Guiwei, the Three Fu of Qin killed Chuzi and installed the heir as ruler. This was Duke Wu of Qin. Duke Xi of Qi died, and his heir Zhu'er succeeded him. This was Duke Xiang of Qi. Song joined Qi, Cai, Wei, and Chen in attacking Zheng.

In the year Jiashen, King Huan of Zhou died, and his crown prince Tuo succeeded him. This was King Zhuang of Zhou. Zhai Zhong of Zheng killed Yong Jiu, drove out Duke Li, and welcomed back Hu, returning power to him. This was Duke Zhao of Zheng. Qin attacked the Pengxi clan and advanced as far as the area around Mount Hua. Duke Xiang of Qi reduced the stipend of Prince Wuzhi. Song joined Lu, Wei, and Chen in attacking Zheng.

In the year Yiyou, the attendants of Ji and Shou, the sons of Duke Xuan of Wei, drove out Duke Hui and installed Qianmou, Ji's younger brother, as ruler. Duke Hui fled to Qi. Song joined Lu, Wei, Chen, and Cai in attacking Zheng.

In the year Bingxu, Qin wiped out the entire Three Fu clan. In Zheng, Gao Qumi assassinated Duke Zhao and installed Duke Zhao's younger brother Ziwei as ruler, while Gao Qumi seized control of the government.

In the year Dinghai, the Zhou court suffered the Heijian rebellion. Duke Xiang of Qi killed Duke Huan of Lu at Luo, and installed Huan's son Tong as ruler of Lu. This was Duke Zhuang of Lu. Duke Xiang of Qi then convened the feudal lords at Shouzhi and killed Ziwei of Zheng. Gao Qumi fled back to Zheng, and together with Zhai Zhong he welcomed Prince Ying from Chen and installed him as ruler.

In the year Wuzi, a royal princess of the Zhou house married into Qi.

In the year Jichou, the Zhou court buried King Huan of Zhou.

The year Gengyin.

In the year Xinmao, the Zhou court attacked Sui and rebuked it for recognizing Chu's ruler as king. Qi attacked Ji, and the Marquis of Ji abandoned his state entirely. King Wu of Chu led an army against Sui, and the heir of Sui succeeded to the throne. This was King Wen of Sui.

King Wen of Chu first established his capital at Ying, the capital of the state of Chu.

In the year Renchen, Qi joined Song, Lu, Chen, and Cai in attacking the state of Wei, and they installed Duke Hui of Wei to return to power.

In the year Guisi, Duke Hui of Wei re-entered his state and killed two of the princes. His tutor, Qian Mou, fled to the Zhou court.

In the Jingshi chronology, the year Mao corresponds to the 2,212th year.

In the year Jiawu, the tenth year of King Zhuang of Zhou, Qin destroyed the small state of Guo.

In the year Yiwei, Prince Wuzhi of Qi led the garrison stationed at Kuiqiu into the capital, killed Duke Xiang of Qi, and declared himself ruler. Prince Jiu fled to Lu, and Prince Xiaobai fled to Ju.

In the year Bingshen, the people of Qi killed Wuzhi, and Prince Xiaobai entered Qi and took the throne as Duke Huan of Qi. Prince Jiu followed him into Qi but failed in his bid for power. Qi attacked Lu and killed Prince Jiu, and his tutor, Shao Hu, died in loyalty to him. Guan Zhong asked to be taken prisoner and later, ironically, came to serve Duke Huan as his chief minister.

In the year Dingyou, Lu defeated the Qi army at Changshao and then defeated the Song army at Chengqiu. Chu defeated the Cai army at Xin, and Marquis Xian Wu of Cai was able to return to his state. From then on, the states along the Yangtze and Han rivers submitted to Chu.

In the year Wuxu, no major events were recorded.

In the year Jihai, King Zhuang of Zhou died, and his heir, Hu Qi, ascended the throne as King Xi of Zhou. Song fell into internal turmoil: Nangong Wan killed the ruler of Song, Duke Min, along with the officials Qiu Mu and the chief minister Hua Du, and installed Prince You as ruler. The other princes of Song fled to Xiao, and later, with the help of Xiao, they attacked Nangong Wan, killed Prince You, and replaced him with Yushuo, the younger brother of Duke Min, who became known as Duke Huan of Song.

In the year Gengzi, Qi joined the armies of Song, Chen, Cai, and Zhu to attack Lu. They defeated the Lu forces three times and seized the territory of Sui. Later, Duke Huan of Qi met with Lu at Ke to form an alliance and returned the land that had been taken. This came about because Cao Mei, during the meeting, seized Duke Huan and forced him to agree to return the lost territory.

In the year Xinchou, Qi joined Chen and Cao, along with a representative sent by the Zhou royal house, to attack Song. The Chu army invaded Cai.

In the year Renyin, Duke Huan of Qi met with the rulers of Song, Chen, Wei, and Zheng at Juan to form an alliance. Duke Wu of Qu, a branch of the Jin ruling house, destroyed the lineage of the Jin ruler at Yi, carried generous gifts to the Zhou court, received recognition from the Zhou king, and was formally installed as a feudal lord.

In the year Guimao, Duke Huan of Qi met with the rulers of Song, Chen, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Xu, Hua, and Teng to form an alliance at You. Duke Wu of Qin died, and his younger brother, Duke De, took the throne. Chu destroyed the state of Deng.

In the year Jiachen, King Xi of Zhou died, and his heir, Lang, ascended the throne as King Hui of Zhou. Duke Wu of Jin died, and his son, Duke Xian Gui Zhu, succeeded him. Qin moved its capital to Yong. King Wen of Chu died, and his heir, Lie, succeeded him as King Du'ao of Chu.

In the year Yisi, Duke De of Qin died, and his son, King Xuan, succeeded him.

In the year Bingwu, no major events were recorded.

In the year Dingwei, the Zhou royal house suffered the "Rebellion of the Five Great Officers." Bian Bo, Shi Su, Wei Guo, and others, with the support of the armies of Cai and Wei, attacked the Zhou king and installed his younger brother, Tui, as ruler. The Zhou king fled the capital and took refuge at Li, a territory of Zheng.

In the year Wushen, Zheng Li Gong and Guo Shu entered Chengzhou, restored the royal house to power, killed Tui, and arrested Zhongfu and five grand officers. The unrest then subsided.

In the year Jiyou, Qin established the Secret Altar, a shrine for sacrifices to the gods of Heaven. The Qin army defeated the Jin army at Hequ. Jin attacked the Li Rong and captured a Li woman. Chen’s prince Wan fled to Qi. Civil war broke out in Chu: the younger brother Yun killed the ruler Jian and proclaimed himself ruler. He became known as King Cheng of Chu.

In the year Gengxu, Chu made peace with the Zhou royal house and the various states.

In the year Xinhai, Duke Hui of Wei died, and his son Yi Gong succeeded him.

In the year Renzi, the Li Ji revolt broke out in Jin. Several princes were killed, and the state moved its capital from Yi to Jiang.

In the year Guichou, Jin attacked Guo and demanded to know why it had taken in a Jin prince.

In the year Jiayin, King Hui of Zhou invested Duke Huan of Qi as chief among the feudal lords, granting him the title of Bo, or alliance leader.

In the year Yimao, Jin destroyed Quwo and Pu. Chu attacked Zheng.

For the years Bingchen and Dingsi, the original text records no specific events.

In the year Dingsi, Qi attacked the Rong of the Mountains, advancing as far as Guzhu to aid Yan and restore its tribute to the Son of Heaven. Duke Xuan of Qin died, and his younger brother Cheng Gong succeeded him. Chu killed its chief minister, Ziyuan, and appointed Dou Gu Yutu as chief minister, the state’s leading official.

For the year Wuwu, the original text records no specific events.

In the year Jiwei, civil war broke out in Lu. Shuya killed Duke Zhuang of Lu, and Prince Kai succeeded him, becoming Duke Min. Jiyou failed in his effort to install Crown Prince Ban and fled to Chen.

In the year Gengshen, Jin destroyed the states of Huo, Wei, and Geng. Jin enfeoffed Zhao Su with Geng and Bi Wan with Wei.

In the year Xinyou, civil war broke out again in Lu. Qingfu conspired with Zhuang Jiang to kill Duke Min and planned to seize the throne. Jiyou drove Qingfu out and installed Prince Shen, who became Duke Xi of Lu. The Di people destroyed Wei and killed Duke Yi of Wei. Duke Huan of Qi repelled the Rong and Di and installed Dai Gong as ruler of Wei. Wei moved east, crossed the Yellow River, and temporarily settled in Cao. After Dai Gong died, his younger brother Hui succeeded him, becoming Duke Wen of Wei. Duke Wen moved the Wei people from Cao to Chuqiu. Jin attacked the Dongshan Gaoluo clan. Duke Cheng of Qin died, and his younger brother Wuhao succeeded him, becoming Duke Mu of Qin.

In the year Renxu, Qin attacked Maojin. Duke Huan of Qi met the rulers of Song, Zheng, Lu, Cao, and Zhu at Cheng.

In the year Guihai, Qi built a city at Chuqiu to settle the people of Wei, then met the rulers of Jiang and Huang at Guan. Jin destroyed Guo.

The year count recorded in the Huangji Jingshi is 2,213.

In the year Jiazi, the twentieth year of King Hui of Zhou, Duke Huan of Qi met the rulers of Song, Jiang, and Huang at Gu.

In the year Yichou, Duke Huan of Qi gathered the armies of Song, Chen, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Xu, and Cao to attack Cai. He then entered Chu and concluded an alliance at Shaoling. The Qi army detained Yuan Taotu, a grand officer of Chen. Jin killed Crown Prince Shensheng. Prince Chong’er fled to Pu, while Yiwu fled to Qu.

He took a woman from the state of Jin as his wife.

In the year Bingyin, Duke Huan of Qi met in covenant at Shouzhi with the rulers of Song, Chen, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Xu, and Cao, as well as the Crown Prince of Zhou. Jin attacked Pu, and Prince Chong’er fled to the Di. Jin then attacked Yu and Guo, and the ruler of Guo fled to the Zhou royal court. At this time, Jin began to extend its influence among the feudal states. Baili Xi and Jian Shu served as ministers to Qin. Chu destroyed the state of Xian.

In the year Dingmao, Qi attacked Zheng. Jin attacked Qu, and Prince Yiwǔ fled to Liang.

In the year Wuchen.

In the year Jisi, King Hui of Zhou died, and Crown Prince Zheng succeeded him as King Xiang of Zhou. The Grand Uncle rebelled. Qi led the rulers of Song, Wei, Xu, Cao, and Chen in a covenant at Tao. Jin attacked the Di and was defeated at Nie Sang.

In the year Gengwu, Duke Huan of Qi met in covenant at Kuiqiu with Zai Kong and the Duke of Zhou, ministers of the Zhou royal house, and the rulers of Song, Wei, Zheng, Xu, and Cao. Duke Xiang succeeded to the throne of Song. Duke Xian of Jin died, and Prince Xiqi succeeded him. The ministers Li Ke and Pi Zheng killed Xiqi; the minister Xun Xi then installed Xiqi’s younger brother, Zhuozi.

In the year Xinwei, Li Ke of Jin killed Zhuozi and Xun Xi, and brought Prince Yiwǔ back to take the throne. Yiwǔ returned to his state and became Duke Hui of Jin. After taking the throne, Duke Hui killed Li Ke and broke off relations with Qin.

In the year Renshen, turmoil broke out in the Zhou royal house. Shudai enlisted the Rong to attack it, and Qin and Jin came to its aid.

In the year Guiyou.

In the year Jiaxu, Duke Huan of Qi met in covenant at Xian with the rulers of Song, Chen, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Xu, and Cao. A famine struck Jin, and Qin sent grain to Jin.

In the year Yihai, a famine struck Qin, but Jin refused to sell grain to Qin and instead sent troops to attack it. Chu destroyed the state of Ying.

In the year Bingzi, Duke Huan of Qi met in covenant at Mouqiu with the rulers of Song, Chen, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Xu, and Cao. Together they came to the aid of Xu. Guan Zhong died, and Yi Ya seized control of the government. Qin attacked Jin, defeated its army at Hanyuan, and captured Duke Hui of Jin, Yiwǔ. Yiwǔ ceded the lands west of the Yellow River before he was allowed to return, and sent Crown Prince Yu to Qin as a hostage.

In the year Dingchou, the Rong attacked the Zhou royal house. Qi assembled the armies of the feudal states to defend it. Qi also met in covenant at Huai with the rulers of Song, Lu, Wei, Chen, Zheng, Xu, Xing, and Cao, to preserve the state of Zeng.

In the year Wuyin, Duke Huan of Qi died, and five princes contended for the throne. Prince Wugui succeeded him, while Yi Ya held power. Crown Prince Zhao fled to Song.

In the year Jimao, Song joined forces with Cao, Wei, and Zhu to attack Qi. They killed Wugui, defeated the other four princes, and installed Crown Prince Zhao. Crown Prince Zhao succeeded to the throne as Duke Xiao of Qi. The Di attacked Wei.

In the year Gengchen, Qin destroyed Liang.

In the year Xinsi.

In the year Renwu, Duke Xiang of Song met in covenant with the rulers of Chu, Chen, Cai, Zheng, Xu, and Cao.

During an alliance meeting, King Cheng of Chu seized Duke Xiang of Song. Later, in connection with the campaigns against Song and the formation of an alliance, he had the duke transported in a catalpa-wood cart.

Year Guiwei: Qi returned Wangshu Dai to the state of Zhou. Qin and Jin moved the Rong of Luhun to the area around Yichuan. Song, Wei, Xu, and Teng met at Yichuan and sent troops to attack Zheng, but gained nothing. Prince Yu of Jin fled from Qin back to Jin. Chu came to Zheng’s aid and routed the Song army at the Hong River.

Year Jiashen: The Zhou ministers Tuishu and Taozi led Di forces in an attack on Zheng. Later, they installed the Di woman Kui as queen. Duke Xiang of Song died, and his son, Song Chenggong, named Renchen, succeeded him. Qi attacked Song, and Chu attacked Chen.

Year Yiyou: King Xiang of Zhou deposed the Di queen. Tuishu and Taozi led Di forces in an attack on the Zhou capital, and King Xiang fled to Fan in Zheng to reside there. Wangshu Dai took his place as ruler and lived with the deposed queen at Wen. The rebellion of the Ruis broke out in Jin. Duke Hui of Jin died, and Crown Prince Yu succeeded him, becoming Duke Hua of Jin. Duke Mu of Qin sent men to kill Duke Hua and welcomed Prince Chong’er into Jin to take the throne as Duke Wen of Jin. Zhao Cui became minister of Yuan and took control of the government.

Year Bingxu: The armies of Qin and Jin joined forces at Wen and destroyed Wangshu Dai’s power, then welcomed King Xiang of Zhou back to Chengzhou. At Jia, King Xiang held a banquet for Duke Wen of Jin and granted him additional lands in Henei. Duke Wen of Wei died, and Crown Prince Zheng succeeded him as Duke Cheng of Wei. Chu besieged Chen and used the opportunity to install the ruler of Dun.

Year Dinghai: Song broke with Chu and turned to Jin. Chu destroyed the state of Kui, then attacked Song and Qi.

Year Wuzi: Duke Xiao of Qi died. His younger brother, Panfu, killed the crown prince and proclaimed himself ruler as Duke Zhao of Qi. Jin sent troops to relieve Song and established three armies. Chu sent Ziyu to attack Song.

Year Jichou: King Xiang of Zhou made an inspection tour to Heyang. Jin joined forces with Qi, Song, Cai, and Qin to attack Wei, defeating the Chu army at Chengpu. Duke Wen of Jin then met with the rulers of Qi, Song, Cai, Zheng, Lu, and Wei at Jiantu and formed an alliance. Chu came to Zheng’s aid but gained nothing. Chu’s chief minister, Ziyu, whose personal name was Dechen, was killed.

Year Gengyin: Jin joined the Zhou king’s envoy and the feudal rulers in an alliance meeting at Diquan.

Year Xinmao: Duke Cheng of Wei went from Chen to Zhou. The Zhou king asked Jin to send Duke Cheng back to Wei and execute the Wei minister Yuan Xuan and Prince Xia. Qin and Jin besieged Zheng.

Year Renchen: Lu seized lands west of the Ji River, and Wei moved its capital to Diqiu.

Year Guisi: Duke Wen of Jin died, and Crown Prince Huan succeeded him as Duke Xiang of Jin.

This was the 2,214th year in the chronology of the Jingshi.

Year Jiawu: The twenty-fifth year of King Xiang of Zhou. Duke Mu of Qin attacked Zheng. The Jin army defeated the Qin army at Xiao and captured its commanders, Meng Mingshi, Xiqishu, and Bai Yibing.

In the year Yibing, Duke Xi of Lu died, and the crown prince Xing succeeded him. He was Duke Wen of Lu.

In the year Yiwei, Jin returned three generals to Qin. Civil strife broke out in Chu: the crown prince Shangchen killed his father, the ruler, and took the throne. He was King Mu of Chu.

In the year Bingshen, Qin attacked Jin and was defeated in the area of Peng and Wei.

In the year Dingyou, Qin attacked Jin and seized Wangguan. Chu attacked Jiang, and Jin sent troops to its aid.

In the year Wuxu, Qin attacked the Western Rong and conquered the states of twelve tribes. Chu destroyed Jiang.

In the year Jihai, Zhao Xiangzi of Jin died, and Zhao Dun took over his affairs. Chu destroyed six states.

In the year Gengzi, Duke Mu of Qin died, and the crown prince Ying succeeded him. He was Duke Kang of Qin. When Duke Mu was buried, three worthy ministers were sacrificed with him. Duke Xiang of Jin died.

In the year Xinchou, the crown prince Yigao of Jin succeeded to the throne. He was Duke Ling of Jin. Duke Cheng of Wei died, and civil strife broke out in Wei. Duke Cheng’s younger brother Yu killed the crown prince and made himself ruler. The people then killed Yu and installed Prince Chujiu, who was Duke Zhao of Wei. Qi led the rulers of Song, Wei, Chen, Zheng, Xu, Cao, and other states to meet Zhao Dun in an alliance at Hu.

In the year Renyin, King Xiang of Zhou died, and the crown prince Renchen succeeded him. He was King Qing of Zhou.

In the year Guimao, King Xiang of Zhou was buried. Jin gathered the feudal lords and sent troops to aid Zheng. Qin attacked Jin and seized Wusui.

In the year Jiachen, Jin attacked Qin and seized Shaoliang. Qin then attacked Jin and seized Beizheng.

In the year Yisi, Lu defeated the Di at Xian and captured their leader, Qiaoru.

In the year Bingwu, Qin attacked Jin and seized Jima.

In the year Dingwei, King Mu of Chu died, and the crown prince Ju succeeded him. He was King Zhuang of Chu.

In the year Wushen, King Qing of Zhou died. Civil strife broke out in the royal house of Zhou, as high ministers fought for power. Zhao Dun of Jin put down the disorder at the Zhou court and installed Prince Ban as king. He was King Kuang of Zhou. Song and the feudal lords met in an alliance at Xincheng. Duke Zhao of Qi died, and civil strife broke out in Qi. Prince Shangren killed the crown prince She and took his place. He was Duke Yi of Qi.

In the year Jiyou, Qin attacked Cai, and Qi attacked Lu.

In the year Gengxu, Qi renewed the covenant made at Qiqiu. The people of Song killed Duke Zhao of Song and installed his younger brother Bao as ruler. He was Duke Wen of Song. Chu destroyed Yong.

In the year Xinhai, Jin joined forces with Wei, Chen, and Zheng to attack Song.

In the year Renzi, Duke Wen of Lu died at Taixia. Xiang Zhong killed the crown prince E and installed Prince Tui as ruler. He was Duke Xuan of Lu. From then on, the Three Huan—the three hereditary ministerial clans of Lu—held power. Duke Kang of Qin died, and the crown prince Dao succeeded him. He was Duke Gong of Qin. Disorder broke out in Qi: the minister Bing Chu killed Duke Yi and installed Prince Yuan as ruler. He was Duke Hui of Qi. Disorder also broke out in Song, where several princes raised troops in rebellion.

In the year Guichou, Qi seized the Jixi territory of Lu. Jin attacked Zheng, while Chu invaded Chen and Song.

In the year jiayin, King Kuang of Zhou died. His younger brother Yu succeeded him and became King Ding of Zhou. Zheng defeated the Song army at Daji and captured Hua Yuan, Grand Steward of Song. Jin attacked Zheng, and Qin attacked Jin. Zhao Dun of Jin killed his ruler, Duke Ling of Jin, and brought Black Buttocks, the younger brother of Duke Xiang, to Zhou territory to take the throne. He became Duke Cheng of Jin.

In the year yimao, the Zhou court buried King Kuang. Chu attacked the Rong tribes of Luhun, who were active around Luhun, then deployed troops outside the Zhou capital to display its strength.

In the year bingchen, civil strife broke out in Zheng, when a prince raised troops in rebellion.

In the year dingsi, Jin attacked Chen to aid Zheng. Duke Gong of Qin died, and his heir apparent, Dao, succeeded him as Duke Huan of Qin.

In the year wuwu, Zhao Dun of Jin and Sun Mian of Wei invaded Chen.

In the year jiwei, Jin met with the other rulers at Heirang.

In the year gengshen, Jin attacked Qin, while Chu conquered the states of Shu and Liao.

In the year xinyou, the ruler of Jin met with the rulers of Song, Wei, Chen, Zheng, and other states at Hu. Chen did not attend, so Jin sent troops to attack it. Duke Cheng of Jin died at Hu, and Prince Ju succeeded him as Duke Jing of Jin. Zhao Dun also died, and his son Zhao Shuo inherited the family estate.

In the year renxu, Qi returned the lands west of the Ji River to Lu. Duke Hui of Qi died, and Prince Wuye succeeded him as Duke Qing of Qi. The minister Cui Zhu fled to Wei. Civil strife broke out in Chen, and Xia Zhengshu killed his ruler, Duke Ling of Chen. Jin attacked Zheng, and Chu sent troops to its aid. When Chu attacked Zheng, Jin’s army came to Zheng’s aid in turn.

In the year guihai, Chu attacked Chen, executed Xia Zhengshu, and escorted Gongsun Ning, Yi, and the others back to Chen.

This is the wu year in the chronological system of Jingshi, corresponding to the number 2215.

In the year jiazi, the tenth year of King Ding of Zhou, Chu attacked Zheng and decisively defeated the Jin army by the Yellow River. Tu’anjia of Jin launched a rebellion at Xiagong and killed Zhao Shuo and his kinsmen. Zhao Shuo’s wife took refuge in the palace, where she gave birth to Zhao Wu.

In the year yichou, Chu attacked Song.

In the year bingyin, Chu besieged Song.

In the year dingmao, King Ding of Zhou killed two earls. Jin destroyed the Red Di and the state of Lu.

In the year wuchen, King Xuan of Chu, Xie, died. Jin wiped out the Shen clan and also put down an internal rebellion in the Zhou royal house.

In the year jisi, Jin met with the rulers of the other states at Duandao.

In the year gengwu, Duke Xuan of Lu died. His heir apparent, Heigong, succeeded him as Duke Cheng of Lu. Jin attacked Qi. King Zhuang of Chu died, and his heir apparent, Shen, succeeded him as King Gong of Chu.

In the year xinwei, the Zhou army attacked the Mao Rong but failed to prevail.

In the year renshen, Qi attacked Wei and defeated the joint forces of Lu and Wei at Xinzhu. Jin assembled troops from the other states to aid Wei, and decisively defeated Qi at Ange. Duke Wen of Song died, and his son Xia succeeded him as Duke Gong of Song. Hua Yuan took control of Song’s government, and Song twice formed an alliance with Jin. Chu held an alliance meeting and also with ten…

In the year Guiyou, the state of Jin joined forces with Song, Wei, Lu, and Cao to attack Zheng. Zheng attacked Xu twice.

In the year Jiaxu, Jin attacked Chu to relieve pressure on Zheng.

In the year Yihai, King Ding of Zhou died. His heir, Yi, succeeded him and became King Jian of Zhou. Jin joined with the rulers of Qi, Song, Wei, Lu, Zheng, Cao, Zhu, and Qi to form an alliance at Chonglao. Chu attacked Zheng.

In the year Bingzi, Chu attacked Zheng, and Jin sent troops to its aid. That year, Shoumeng became king of Wu.

In the year Dingchou, Jin joined with the rulers of Qi, Song, Lu, Wei, Cao, Zhu, and Ju in an alliance at Maling, then sent troops to aid Zheng. King Shoumeng of Wu began engaging with the states of the Central Plains.

In the year Wuyin, Jin put the minister Zhao to death.

In the year Jimao, Jin joined with the rulers of Qi, Song, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Zhu, and Qi to form an alliance at Pu. Duke Qing of Qi died, and his son Huan succeeded him as Duke Ling of Qi. Jin attacked Zheng, while Qin attacked Jin. Chu attacked Ju and captured Yun.

In the year Gengchen, Duke Jing of Jin fell ill and handed the throne to his heir, Zhoupu. After succeeding him, Zhoupu became Duke Li of Jin. Duke Jing died. Cheng Ying killed Tu Anjia in the palace of Jin, wiped out his family, and restored to Zhao Wu the fief that Zhao Shuo had held. Cheng Ying then asked to take his own life.

In the year Xinsi, Qin and Jin made peace.

In the year Renwu, Jin and Chu formed an alliance in the territory of Song. At Jiaogang, Jin defeated the Di.

In the year Guiwei, Duke Cheng of Lu paid a visit to the Zhou court and its king. Jin joined forces with Qi, Song, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Zhu, and Teng to attack Qin, defeating its army at Masui.

In the year Jiashen, Duke Huan of Qin died, and his son succeeded him as Duke Jing.

In the year Yiyou, Jin met with the rulers of the various states to form an alliance at Qi. Duke Gong of Song died, and unrest broke out in the state. Grand Marshal Tang Shan killed the heir, Fei. The Right Ministers Hua Yuan and Yu Shi executed Tang Shan and installed Prince Cheng, who became Duke Ping of Song. Chu relocated Xu to Ye. Wu convened a large gathering of the rulers of the various states at Zhongli.

In the year Bingxu, Jin attacked Zheng and decisively defeated Chu at Yanling. Chu’s effort to aid Zheng failed. The commander of the Chu army was struck by an arrow in the eye, and Lingyin Ce, Chu’s chief minister, was executed.

In the year Dinghai, Jin formed an alliance with the various states at Keling. That year, Jin killed the three ministers of the Xie clan.

In the year Wuzi, civil strife broke out in Jin. Luan Shu assassinated Duke Li of Jin, brought back Prince Zhou from the Zhou court, and installed him as ruler. He became Duke Dao of Jin. Duke Cheng of Lu died, and his son Wu succeeded him as Duke Xiang of Lu. Chu joined with Zheng to attack Song and capture Pengcheng. The lord of Jin formed an alliance at Xu with the duke of Song, Zhongsun Mie, a minister of Lu, the lord of Wei, the ruler of Zhu, and Cui Shu, a minister of Qi.

In the year Jichou, King Jian of Zhou died. His heir, Xiexin, succeeded him as King Ling of Zhou.

This passage records major events year by year according to the sexagenary cycle in Jing of the Supreme Ultimate World (Huangji Jingshi). It mainly describes how Jin became the leading power in the middle Spring and Autumn period, joining forces with the other feudal states to campaign against Zheng, Qin, Chu, and Qi. The form “Jin” here refers to the state of Jin.

In the year Gengyin, Jin joined the armies of the feudal states to attack Song and besiege Pengcheng. The Zhou court buried King Jian. Jin then campaigned against Zheng, assembling the armies of the feudal states at Qi and building a fortress at Hulao to keep Zheng under control.

In the year Xinhai, Jin formed an alliance with the rulers of eight states at Jize. Chu attacked Wu, advancing as far as Hengshan.

In the year Renchen, Jin appointed Wei Jiang, a senior Jin official known for advocating peace with the Rong and Di peoples. Chu attacked Chen.

In the year Guisi, Jin assembled the armies of the various states at the city of Qi and sent troops to relieve Chen. The rulers of Wu, Lu, and Wei met at Shandao.

The chronicle then gives the marker “2,216 years from the end of the Jingshi period.” This is a chronological reference calculated by Shao Yong, after which the account enters the fifth year of King Ling of Zhou, Jiawu.

In the year Yiwei, Jin met with the rulers of seven states at Wei. In the year Bingshen, Jin met with the rulers of the various states at Xingqiu. Zisi of Zheng put a number of princes to death.

In the year Dingyou, Qin attacked Jin. Jin assembled the rulers of eleven states to campaign against Zheng, while Chu also attacked Zheng. Caught between them, Zheng made alliances with both Jin and Chu.

In the year Wuxu, Jin led the rulers of eleven states to meet King Shoumeng of Wu at Zha, destroyed Biyang, then assembled the armies of eleven states to attack Zheng and campaigned against Qin. Chu attacked Song, then turned back to relieve Zheng.

In the year Jihai, Jin twice assembled the armies of eleven states to attack Zheng. It granted Anyi to Wei Jiang as a fief. Qin attacked Jin to relieve Zheng. The Three Houses of Lu—the Ji, Meng, and Shu aristocratic clans—divided the army among themselves. Chu again attacked Zheng and Song.

In the year Gengzi, Chu joined with Qin to attack Song. King Shoumeng of Wu died, and his eldest son, Zhufan, succeeded him.

In the year Xinchou, Duke Gong of Chu died. His son Zhao deposed the designated heir and took the throne, becoming King Kang. Wu attacked Chu but suffered a setback.

In the year Renyin, Jin led the rulers of Qi, Song, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng, Xue, Qi, and Xiao Zhu—twelve states in all—to meet King Zhufan of Wu at Xiang. Jin then assembled the feudal armies to attack Qin. Civil strife broke out in Wei: Sun Linfu and Ning Zhi launched a revolt, and the Marquis of Wei fled to Qi. Chu attacked Wu and won a victory.

In the year Guimao, Duke Dao of Jin died. His son Biao succeeded him as Duke Ping of Jin.

In the year Jiachen, Duke Ping of Jin met with the rulers of Song, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Zhu, Xue, Qi, and Xiao Zhu—ten states in all—and formed an alliance at Daliang. He captured the rulers of Ju and Zhu and took them back to Jin. He then attacked Chu, advancing as far as Fangcheng.

No events are recorded here for the year Yisi.

In the year Bingwu, Jin appointed members of the Fan and Zhonghang clans and led the armies of eleven states—Song, Wei, Lu, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng, Qi, and Xiao Zhu—to attack Qi. They decisively defeated the Qi army at Mi and went on to besiege the Qi capital, Linzi. Duke Ling of Qi fled to Ju.

In the year Dingwei, Qi deposed its heir apparent, Guang, and named Prince Ya as the new heir. Cui Zhu, a powerful minister of Qi, became involved in the succession dispute.

In Lu, Ya was deposed and Guang was made heir apparent. After Duke Ling died, Guang succeeded him as ruler; this was Duke Zhuang. Cui Zhu took control of state affairs. In Zheng, Duke Jian had the minister Zizha executed and appointed Zichan to oversee the government.

In the year Wushen, the Marquis of Jin met in covenant with the rulers of eleven states at Chanyuan.

In the year Jiyou, the Marquis of Jin met in covenant with the rulers of eight states at Shang. On the day ren, Luan Ying fled to Chu.

In the year Gengxu, Jin met in covenant with the rulers of eleven states at Shasui. Chu put its chief minister, Zinan, to death. Luan Ying of Jin went from Chu to Qi.

In the year Xinhai, Luan Ying returned from Qi to Jin and tried to reenter the state, but failed. He died in the hands of the Fan and Zhonghang clans, who destroyed the Luan clan. Qi attacked Jin and seized Chaoge.

In the year Renzi, Jin met in covenant with the rulers of eleven states at Yiyi. Chu joined with the lords to attack Wu, then attacked Zheng.

In the year Guichou, civil unrest broke out in Qi. Cui Zhu assassinated Duke Zhuang of Qi and installed Zhuang’s younger half-brother, Chuju, as ruler; this was Duke Jing. Cui Zhu became chief minister on the right, and Qing Feng chief minister on the left. The Jin army defeated Qi’s forces at Gaotang. Chu joined with Chen to attack Zheng and destroyed Shujiu. Wu’s attack on Chu failed; Zhufan was killed in battle, and his younger brother Yujì succeeded him. Jizha was enfeoffed at Yanling.

In the year Jiayin, civil unrest broke out in Wei, as Ning Xi and Sun Linfu struggled for power. Sun Linfu was defeated and fled to Jin. Ning Xi assassinated Duke Chu of Wei. Jin arrested Ning Xi, demanded that Prince Qi of Wei return home, and helped him regain the throne. Jin also granted the lands of Su to Sun Linfu. Qing Feng of Qi exterminated the Cui clan and took sole control of state affairs. Zheng granted Zichan six towns. Chu joined with Chen and Cai to attack Zheng.

In the year Yimao, Jin appointed Zhao Wu chief minister; he was known as Master Wen of Zhao. He and Han Xuanzi, Wei Wuzi Weijiang, and others jointly governed the state. They met the ministers of the various lords in Song and executed Ning Xi. Jin, Chu, Qi, and Qin met in Song and accepted Xiang Xu’s proposal to end the fighting and bring the wars to a halt. This was known as the “Conference to End the Wars.”

In the year Bingchen, King Ling of Zhou died. His heir, Prince Gui, succeeded him as King Jing of Zhou. After Qing Feng of Qi relaxed his control over government, his son Qingshe, together with the Tian, Bao, Gao, and Luan clans, drove him out. Qing Feng fled to Lu, and later went to Wu. King Kang of Chu died, and his heir, Prince Mi, succeeded him; this was Duke Jiao’ao.

In the year Dingsi, Zhibo of Jin entered the capital of Qi with the rulers of ten states. Chu appointed Shuyu chief minister. Civil unrest broke out in Wu: Yujì was assassinated, and his younger brother Yumei succeeded him. Jizha went on diplomatic missions to Lu, Qi, Zheng, and Jin.

In the year Wuwu, civil unrest broke out in Cai. The heir apparent assassinated the ruler and took the throne himself. Civil unrest also broke out in Zheng, where the various princes competed for the ruler’s favor. A fire broke out in Song. Jin met with the lords.

In the year jiwei, Duke Xiang of Lu died, and the heir apparent died soon afterward. The people of Lu made Chou, the son of Qi Gui, their ruler; he was known as Duke Zhao. Ji Wenzi took control of the government of Lu.

In the year gengshen, Zhao Wu of Jin met with ministers from several states at Guo to form an alliance. Civil strife broke out in Chu: the chief minister, Wei, murdered its ruler, Mi, and proclaimed himself king. He was known as King Ling. Prince Bi fled to Jin, and Wei Ba became chief minister.

In the year xinyou, Han Xuanzi Qi of Jin went on a diplomatic mission to Lu.

In the year renxu, Duke Zhao of Lu went to Jin to pay court. Yan Ying of Qi went on a diplomatic mission to Jin, and the Earl of Zheng also went to Jin to pay court, then went on to Chu to pay court there.

In the year guihai, Chu convened the rulers of eleven states at Shen for an alliance meeting and seized the ruler of Xu there. Chu then summoned the rulers of seven states and led an army against Zhufang in Wu, where it executed Qing Feng of Qi. Wu captured three cities belonging to Chu.

This was the shen year in the cyclical chronology of the Jing. It fell 2,217 years after the legendary beginning of the age.

In the year jiazi, the eighth year of King Jing of Zhou, Chu joined forces with the feudal lords to attack Wu. Duke Jing of Qin died, and his heir succeeded him; he was known as Duke Ai.

In the year yichou, Qi attacked Yan to the north, and Chu attacked Wu to the east. The Wu army defeated the Chu army at Qianxi.

In the year bingyin, Chu built the Zhanghua Terrace.

In the year dingmao, Chu destroyed the state of Chen and seized Prince Zhao of Chen. He was later exiled to Yue.

In the year wuchen, no major events were recorded.

In the year jisi, Duke Ping of Jin died, and his heir Yi succeeded him; he was known as Duke Zhao. The Chen and Bao clans of Qi drove the Luan and Gao clans out of Jin and divided their property between them.

In the year gengwu, Han Qi of Jin met with ministers from Qi, Song, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Qi, Zhu, and other states at Jueyin. At Shen, Chu lured the ruler of Cai into a trap and killed him. Prince Qiji destroyed Cai and stayed there to guard it. He also seized the heir apparent of Cai, killed him, and used his body in a sacrificial offering.

In the year xinwei, the ruler of Lu went to Jin to pay court, and Chu attacked Xu.

In the year renshen, Duke Zhao of Jin met the rulers of Qi, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Zhu, Teng, Xue, Qi, and Xiao Zhu at Pingqiu and formed an alliance. Lu alone was barred from taking part, and Jisun Yiru was seized and taken back to Jin. Prince Bi of Chu returned from Jin and murdered King Ling at Qianxi. Prince Qiji entered Chu from Cai, killed Prince Bi, and proclaimed himself king; he was known as King Ping. He released the rulers of Chen and Cai and allowed them to return to their states. Wu destroyed Zhoulai.

In the year guiyou, Chu returned lands it had previously taken from the feudal states. Guan Cong took control of the government.

In the year jiaxu, Jin attacked Xianyu. Fei Wuji of Chu went to Qin on behalf of Crown Prince Jian to bring back a bride. King Yumei of Wu died, and Jizha fled Wu. The people of Wu made Yumei’s son Liao their king.

In the year yihai, Duke Zhao of Jin died, and his son Quji succeeded him; he was known as Duke Qing. Chu deceived the ruler of Rongman and killed him.

In the year Bingzi, the state of Jin destroyed the Rong tribes of Luhun, who lived in the Luhun region. The state of Wu attacked Chu.

In the year Dingchou, the Zhou dynasty cast large coins. The states of Song, Wei, Chen, Zheng, Wu, and Chu moved the state of Xu to Baiyu.

In the year Wuyin, Chu appointed Fei Wuji to wield power and govern. It exiled Crown Prince Jian to Chengfu.

In the year Jimao, Duke Jing of Qi and the grandee Yan Ying visited Lu to inquire about ritual. The Hua clan rebellion broke out in Song: the grandees Hua Hai, Hua Ding, and Xiang Ning fled to Chen. Crown Prince Jian of Chu fled from Chengfu to Song, then went on to Zheng and later to Jin. Chu killed his tutor, Wu She, and one of Wu She’s sons; the other son, Wu Yuan, fled to Wu.

In the year Gengchen, Hua Hai, Hua Ding, and Xiang Ning of Song entered Nanli and launched a rebellion.

In the year Xinsi, King Jing of Zhou died and was buried, and turmoil broke out in the royal house. Three princes contended for the throne. The people of Zhou enthroned Meng as king, calling him King Dao. Prince Chao killed King Dao and proclaimed himself king. Jin drove out Prince Chao and brought back Gai to take the throne, calling him King Jing. Hua Hai, Hua Ding, and Xiang Ning of Song fled to Chu. Crown Prince Jian of Chu and a Jin army attacked Zheng but failed; Crown Prince Jian was killed in battle. His son Sheng fled to Wu.

In the year Renwu, the Zhao and Yin clans installed Prince Chao and brought him into Chengzhou, the royal city where the Zhou court had settled after moving east. Danzi and Liuzi took the Zhou king away and settled at Diquan. Chu moved its capital to E. Nang Wa, also known as Zichang, became the Lingyin, Chu’s chief minister. Wu attacked Chu and defeated the armies of Chen, Cai, Dun, Hu, and Shen at Jifu. It destroyed Hu and Shen and captured Xia Nie, a general of Chen. Sheng of Chu, the son of Crown Prince Jian, was raised by Wu Qi.

In the year Guiwei, Chu built the walls of Ying, its capital. Gongzi Guang of Wu attacked Chu and captured Chao and Zhongli. The campaign began after women from the two states quarreled over a mulberry tree.

In the year Jiashen, the Three Huan rebellion broke out in Lu, an internal conflict driven by the power of the three ruling grandee families. Duke Zhao of Lu fled to Qi. Duke Jing of Qi visited him at Yejing to offer condolences. Zhao Yang of Jin met representatives of Song, Lu, Wei, Cao, Zhu, Teng, Xue, and Lesser Zhu at Huangfu.

In the year Yiyou, Zhao Yang of Jin led an alliance of the lords into Chengzhou and escorted the Zhou king back. Members of the Zhao and Yin clans fled to Chu with Prince Chao. King Ping of Chu died, and Crown Prince Zhen succeeded him, becoming King Zhao.

In the year Bingxu, the three Jin clans of Han, Zhao, and Wei carried out a sweeping purge of the aristocratic Qi and Yangshe clans and divided their lands among themselves. Zichang, the Lingyin of Chu, killed Fei Wuji. Gongzi Guang of Wu assassinated King Liao of Wu and proclaimed himself king, becoming King Helü. Zhuan Zhu was the assassin, and Wu Yuan served as Wu’s chancellor.

In the year Dinghai, Duke Zhao of Lu went from Yun toward Jin, stopping along the way at Qianhou. The Chu grandee Bo Pi fled to Wu.

In the year Wuzi.

In the year of the Earth Ox, Duke Qing of Jin died. His heir, Wu, succeeded him; this was Duke Ding of Jin. Wu destroyed Xu and raided Chu.

In the year of the Metal Tiger, Duke Ding of Jin sent the nobleman Xun Li to bring Duke Zhao of Lu back to his state, but the mission failed. Wu attacked Chu and captured Shu.

In the year of the Water Rabbit, Han Buxin of Jin joined forces with troops from Qi, Song, Lu, Wei, Cao, Ju, Xue, Qi, and Lesser Zhu to build the city of Chengzhou. Duke Zhao of Lu died at Qianhou. The Three Huan installed his younger brother Song as ruler; this was Duke Ding of Lu. Wu attacked Yue.

In the year of the Wood Dragon, the people of Jin arrested Zhong Ji of Song in the capital. Zichang, chief minister of Chu, defeated Wu’s army at Yuzhang.

In the year of the Wood Snake, Wu’s army defeated Chu’s army at Yuzhang.

The year of the Rooster in the chronological reckoning of the Jing era was 2,218 years after the starting point it records.

In the year of the Wood Horse, it was the thirteenth year of King Jing of Zhou.

In the year of the Wood Goat, Duke Ding of Jin met at Shaoling with the rulers of Song, Cai, Lu, Wei, Chen, Zheng, Xu, Cao, Ju, Zhu, Dun, Hu, Teng, Xue, Qi, and Lesser Zhu, along with a nobleman from Qi, to discuss an attack on Chu. When King Zhao of Chu marched north to attack Cai, Wu’s army entered Ying, the Chu capital. Zichang, chief minister of Chu, fled to Zheng. King Zhao fled to Yun and then to Sui, and sent Shen Baoxu to ask Qin for help. King Helü of Wu defeated Chu’s army at Baiju. After five battles, he reached Ying and then invaded Chu. Wu’s army burned the Chu palace and leveled the tombs of Chu’s kings; Wu Zixu oversaw these acts.

In the year of the Fire Monkey, Yang Hu of Lu imprisoned Ji Huanzi. Qin sent troops to aid Chu and defeated Wu’s army at Ji. King Zhao of Chu returned from Yun to Ying. Chu enfeoffed the Wu prince Fugai at Tangxi. Taking advantage of Wu’s weakened defenses, Yue invaded Wu. Fugai, the brother of King Helü of Wu, fled from Tangxi back to Wu and proclaimed himself king. Helü drove him out, and Fugai fled to Chu.

In the year of the Fire Rooster, a rebellion led by Danpian broke out in the Zhou royal house. King Jing of Zhou fled and took up residence at Guyou. Chu abandoned Ying and moved its capital to Ruo. Zheng destroyed Xu.

In the year of the Earth Dog, Jin’s army entered Chengzhou and escorted King Jing of Zhou back to the royal city. Qi seized Yun and made it Yang Hu’s fief.

In the year of the Earth Pig, the rebellion of Yang Hu broke out in Lu. Yang Hu attacked the Three Huan but failed. He stole ritual treasures and the “Great Bow” bestowed by the Son of Heaven, then fled to Yangguan.

In the year of the Metal Rat, Duke Ai of Qin died, and his son, Duke Hui, succeeded him.

In the year of the Metal Ox, Lu appointed Kong Qiu (Confucius) as Minister of Justice. Kong Qiu accompanied Duke Ding of Lu to meet Duke Jing of Qi at Jiagu. Qi returned the Lu territory it had previously seized; Yan Ying was also present at the meeting.

In the year of the Water Tiger, Chen, the brother of the ruler of Song, entered Xiao from Chen with the nobles Zhong Tuo and Shi Kou and the prince Di, and launched a rebellion. Zichan of Zheng died.

In the Gui-mao year, Confucius left the state of Lu and went to the state of Wei.

In the Jia-chen year, Confucius was in Wei. The six senior ministers of Jin, the six noble houses that held political power in the state, fought among themselves.

In the Yi-si year, Crown Prince Kuai Kui of Wei, heir to Duke Ling of Wei, fled to the state of Song. Confucius also left Wei for Song. Chen and Chu joined forces. Wu attacked Chen and destroyed the state of Dun. King Helü of Wu attacked Yue, but the campaign went badly. He was later wounded and died, and his son Fuchai succeeded him, appointing Bo Pi as grand steward, the highest official in Wu. That year, King Goujian of Yue defeated Wu’s army at Zuili, proclaimed himself king, and later withdrew to defend Mount Kuaiji.

In the Bing-wu year, Duke Ding of Lu died. His son Jiang succeeded him and became Duke Ai of Lu. Chu destroyed the state of Hu.

In the Ding-wei year, Zhao Yang of Jin besieged the Fan and Zhonghang houses at Chaoge. The Zhonghang house fled to Handan. Chu joined forces with Chen, Sui, and Xu to besiege Cai. Wu’s army defeated Yue’s at Fujiao. The Yue troops prostrated themselves and surrendered, and Wu spared them. Later, King Goujian of Yue attacked Wu, but the campaign went badly. He sent his minister Wen Zhong to make peace, offering to become Wu’s vassal and to have his wife serve as a concubine, then withdrew to Kuaiji.

In the Wu-shen year, Duke Ling of Wei died, and his grandson Zhe succeeded him. Zhao Yang of Jin and Yang Hu led troops into Wei. Crown Prince Kuai Kui failed to reclaim the throne and took up residence in Qi. Confucius passed through Song again. Chu attacked Cai, and Wu moved the people of Cai to Zhoulai. Fan Li of Yue returned to his state.

In the Ji-you year, Duke Hui of Qin died, and his son succeeded him as Duke Dao of Qin. Confucius was in Chen.

In the Geng-xu year, Confucius went to Cai.

In the Xin-hai year, Qi attacked Song, and Jin attacked Wei. Duke Jing of Qi died, and his son Tu succeeded him, known as the Child Ruler. The Han, Zhao, and Wei houses of Jin defeated the Fan and Zhonghang houses at Handan.

In the Ren-zi year, Qi was shaken by internal strife. Tian Qi, a minister of Qi, killed the Child Ruler, brought Prince Yangsheng back from Lu, and installed him as ruler, known as Duke Dao of Qi. After Gao Zhaizi died, Guo Huizi fled to Ju. Confucius went to Chen again. King Zhao of Chu sent troops to rescue Chen. While stationed at Chengfu, he died in camp; his son Zhang succeeded him as King Hui of Chu. Wu attacked Chen, Lu attacked Zhu, and Song attacked Cao.

In the Gui-chou year, Wu and Lu formed an alliance at Zeng, planning to attack Qi together. Wu demanded a hundred lao from Lu, a hundred sets of sacrificial and banquet animals.

In the Jia-yin year, Song destroyed Cao. Zixi, the chief minister of Chu, recalled Sheng, the son of Crown Prince Jian of Chu’s King Ping, from Wu and appointed him magistrate of Chao. Sheng consequently became known as the White Duke. Wu attacked Lu. Lu made a treaty with Wu beneath the city walls, after which the Wu army withdrew.

In the Yi-mao year, Song attacked Zheng, Chu attacked Chen, and Wu attacked Qi.

In the Bing-chen year, Tian Qi of Qi died. His son Tian Chang inherited the family’s power and later became known as Chen Chengzi. Qi was again shaken by internal strife: Baozi killed Duke Dao of Qi and installed his son Ren as ruler, known as Duke Jian of Qi.

Confucius of Lu often traveled in Chen, then later returned from Chen to Wei.

Chu attacked Chen. Wu joined forces with Lu and attacked Qi to aid Chen, killing Wu Yuan, a senior official of Qi.

In the year Ding-Si, Confucius returned from Wei to Lu. Zigong went as an envoy to Qi, then traveled to Wu, Yue, and Jin. Qi attacked Lu, and Wu came to Lu’s aid, defeating the Qi army at Ailing. Yue attacked Wu.

In the year Wu-Wu, Bai Gong Sheng of Chu fled once more to Wu. The chief minister, Zixi, summoned him back again. The rulers of Wu, Lu, and Wei met in alliance at Tuogao, then mobilized troops to attack Jin.

In the year Ji-Wei, Duke Ding of Jin met the lords of the various states at Huangchi, where they encountered King Fuchai of Wu. Yue forces entered Wu’s outer city, captured Wu’s heir apparent, You, and then withdrew.

In the year Geng-Shen, Lu captured a qilin while hunting in its western suburbs. Tian Chang of Qi killed Qi’s chief minister, Kan Zhi, then murdered Duke Jian of Qi at Xuzhou. He installed the duke’s younger brother Ao as ruler; this was Duke Ping of Qi. Tian Chang took the lands east of Anping as his fief. Confucius asked Lu to send troops to punish Tian Chang, but his request was unsuccessful. Duke Dao of Qin died, and his son, Duke Li, succeeded him. Jin attacked Zheng. Huan Tui of Song fled to Wei, then later to Qi. Bai Gong Sheng, an official in Ye in Chu, killed the chief minister Zixi, drove out the ruler of Chu, and proclaimed himself king.

In the year Xin-You, Lu sent Zifu Jingbo as an envoy to Qi, with Zigong serving as his deputy. Qi returned the lands it had seized from Lu. The heir apparent of Wei, Kuai Kui, entered Wei from Qi and became Duke Zhuang of Wei; Duke Chu of Wei, Zhe, fled to Lu. Lord Ye of Chu led troops into Ying, executed Bai Gong Sheng, and brought back King Hui of Chu, Zhang, to restore him to the throne. Chu conquered Chen and made it a county.

In the year Ren-Xu, Confucius died in Lu.

In the year Gui-Hai, Jin attacked Wei. Duke Zhuang of Wei fled, and the people of Wei installed Prince Banshi as their ruler. Qi attacked Wei, captured Banshi, and installed Prince Qi as ruler instead. Yue forces defeated the Wu army at Lize.

According to the chronology in the Jingshi, the year was Xu, two thousand two hundred and nineteen years after the starting point of the era it used.

In the year Jia-Zi, the forty-third year of King Jing of Zhou, Shipu of Wei drove out Duke Qi of Wei and brought Zhe back to the throne. Qi fled to Qi.

King Jing of Zhou died in the year Yi-Chou, and the crown prince succeeded him. He was King Yuan of Zhou. Tian Chang of Qi died, and his son Tian Pan took over his affairs. He was known as Tian Xiangzi. Wu joined forces with the armies of Qi and Jin and attacked Chu. Yue attacked Wu.

Duke Ding of Jin died in the year Bing-Yin, and his son Zuo succeeded him. Zhibo attacked Zheng and seized nine cities. The people of Yue attacked Wu.

In the year Ding-Mao, Yue attacked Wu and besieged its capital.

In the year Wu-Chen, Yue destroyed Wu, captured Gusu, killed the king of Wu, and annexed the estates of Wu’s senior officials. The king of Yue went north and met the lords of the various states at Xuzhou, presenting tribute to the Zhou royal house. The grand steward Fan Li accompanied the king of Yue.

Goujian relinquished his rank and emoluments and sailed across the Five Lakes. Later, he killed the minister Wen Zhong, a high official of Yue, and Yue came to occupy all of Wu.

Year of the Earth Snake

Year of the Metal Horse

Year of the Metal Goat　King Yuan of Zhou died, and Crown Prince Jie succeeded him. He was King Zhending of Zhou.

Year of the Water Monkey

Year of the Water Rooster　Ji Kangzi of Lu died. The Three Huan—the three ruling families of Lu, the Jisun, Shusun, and Mengsun—stirred up a revolt, killed Duke Ai of Lu, and installed his son Ning as ruler. He was Duke Dao of Lu.

Year of the Wood Dog

Year of the Wood Pig

Year of the Fire Rat

Year of the Fire Ox　Jin attacked Zheng.

Year of the Earth Tiger

Year of the Earth Rabbit

Year of the Metal Dragon　Qin attacked Dali, an ancient western Rong tribe and the territory where it lived.

Year of the Metal Snake

Year of the Water Horse

Year of the Water Goat　Zhao Jianzi Yang of Jin died, and his son Wuxu succeeded him. He was Zhao Xiangzi. Zhao Xiangzi joined Zhibo, Han Kangzi, and Wei Huanzi in destroying the Fan and Zhonghang clans and dividing their lands. They then drove out the ruler of Jin and installed Gongsun Jiao as ruler. He was Duke Ai of Jin. Qin seized Wucheng from Jin.

Year of the Wood Monkey　Jin attacked Qin and recovered Wucheng.

Year of the Wood Rooster　Duke Ping of Qi died, and his son Ji succeeded him. He was Duke Ling of Qi. Zhibo of Jin joined forces with the Han and Wei families and attacked Zhao Xiangzi at Jinyang.

Year of the Fire Dog　The three armies of Jin besieged Jinyang.

Year of the Fire Pig　Han Kangzi and Wei Huanzi of Jin renewed their alliance with Zhao Xiangzi and joined forces to attack Zhibo. They destroyed him at Jinyang and divided his lands. Tian Pan of Qi died, and his son Bai succeeded him. He was Tian Zhuangzi.

Year of the Earth Rat

Year of the Earth Ox

Year of the Metal Tiger

Year of the Metal Rabbit

Year of the Water Dragon

Year of the Water Snake

According to the Huangji Jingshi, the “Hai” period had by then reached 2,220 years.

Year of the Wood Horse　The twenty-third year of King Zhending of Zhou. Chu destroyed Cai.

Year of the Wood Goat　Duke Li of Qin died, and his son Zao succeeded him.

Year of the Fire Monkey　Qin attacked Yiqu, captured its king, and brought him back to Qin. Chu destroyed Qi and expanded its territory eastward as far as the Si River region.

Year of the Fire Rooster

Year of the Earth Dog

Year of the Earth Pig　King Zhending of Zhou died, and Crown Prince Quji succeeded him. He was King Ai of Zhou. Among King Ai’s three uncles, his uncle Gong killed him and took the throne for himself. He was King Si of Zhou.

Year of the Metal Rat　A succession crisis broke out in the Zhou royal house. The young younger brother Wei killed the reigning royal uncle and took the throne. He was King Kao of Zhou.

Year of the Metal Ox　Duke Ai of Jin died, and his son Liu succeeded him. He was Duke You of Jin. The Jin ducal house retained only the territories of Jiang and Quwo.

Year of the Water Tiger

Year of the Water Rabbit

Year of the Wood Dragon

Year of the Wood Snake

Year of the Fire Horse

Year of the Fire Goat

Year of the Earth Monkey

Year of the Earth Rooster　Duke Zao of Qin died, and his younger brother Huai succeeded him. King Hui of Chu died, and his son Zhong succeeded him.

After him came King Jian.

In the year Gengxu, Duke Dao of Lu died, and his son, Duke Yuan, succeeded him. The state of Chu destroyed the state of Ju.

In the year Xinhai.

In the year Renzi.

In the year Guichou, the Qin official Mian killed Duke Huai of Qin and installed a grandson of Duke Zao as ruler. This was Duke Ling of Qin.

In the year Jiayin.

In the year Yimao, King Kao of Zhou died, and Crown Prince Wu succeeded him. This was King Weilie of Zhou. Duke Hui of Henan divided his fief among his younger son, granting him land at Gong, where he became known as the Lord of Eastern Zhou.

In the year Bingchen, Zhao Xiangzi of Jin died. His elder brother’s son, Huan, succeeded him in managing the family affairs; this was Zhao Xianzi, who governed Zhongmou. Zhao Xiangzi’s younger brother, Huanzi, drove Zhao Xianzi out and took his place. Kangzi of Han died, and his son, Wuzi, succeeded him. Huanzi of Wei died, and his son Si succeeded him; this was Marquis Wen of Wei.

In the year Dingsi, Zhao Huanzi died. The people of Zhao killed his son and brought Zhao Xianzi back to restore him to his position.

In the year Wuwu, Qin attacked Shaoliang in Wei.

In the year Jiwei, Qin built the Upper and Lower Altars for sacrifices to the spirits of Heaven and Earth.

In the year Gengshen.

In the year Xinyou, Marquis Wen of Wei killed Duke You of Jin and installed his younger brother, Zhi, as ruler. This was Duke Lie of Jin.

In the year Renxu.

In the year Guihai.

Huangji Jingshi, juan five, part two.