《皇極經世》Vol. 17

In the jiazi year of Emperor Ling of Han (184 CE), the Yellow Turban rebels rose in revolt and attacked and plundered the territory of Deng. Deng Sheng became Grand Commandant, and Zhang Wen became Minister of Works. The Attendants to the Emperor Xiang Xu and Zhang Jun were imprisoned and died. The eunuchs—officials who served the emperor in the palace—greatly increased their power and falsely accused others. The Yellow Turban rebels were later suppressed.

In the yichou year (185 CE), the Black Mountain bandits rose up. Cui Lie became Minister over the Masses, Zhang Yan became Grand Commandant, and Xu Xiang became Minister of Works. Bandit unrest broke out in the Three Fu, the region around the capital Chang’an. Chen Dan and Liu Tao were convicted and put to death for speaking frankly.

In the bingyin year (186 CE), Zhang Wen became Grand Commandant. A military mutiny broke out in Jiangxia, and the former Grand Commandant Zhang Yan was arrested, imprisoned, and died.

In the dingmao year (187 CE), the court sold official posts, even selling the rank of Marquis Within the Passes. Cao Song became Grand Commandant. Bandit unrest flared again in the Three Fu, and rebels in Yuyang proclaimed themselves emperors.

In the wuxu year (188 CE), bandits rose across the realm. The Yellow Turban rebels again attacked and plundered commanderies and kingdoms, and some proclaimed themselves emperors. The court established the Eight Commandants, eight officers who commanded the imperial guard and were responsible for suppressing bandits across the realm. Ma Midi became Grand Commandant. Cao Cao became Commandant of the Army, Yuan Shao became Commandant of the Central Army, and Dong Zhong became General of the Agile Cavalry.

In the jisi year (189 CE), Emperor Ling died. The crown prince, Liu Bian, ascended the throne as the Young Emperor. Empress Dowager He took charge of the government and exercised imperial authority on behalf of the young ruler. General-in-Chief He Jin held power alone, and the era name was changed to Guangxi. The Young Emperor enfeoffed his younger brother Liu Xie as King of Bohai.

He Jin killed Jian Shuo, Commandant of the Upper Army. General of the Agile Cavalry Dong Zhong and the Grand Empress Dowager Dong were also killed because they had once discussed placing Liu Xie on the throne. Liu Xie was later given the title King of Chenliu. The Central Regular Attendants Zhang Rang and Duan Gui killed General-in-Chief He Jin. General Yuan Shu led troops into the palace. Zhang Rang and Duan Gui took the Young Emperor and the King of Chenliu and fled to the Northern Palace; He Miao attacked the Northern Palace. The Colonel Director of Retainers Yuan Shao led troops into the palace and carried out a sweeping massacre of the eunuchs. Zhang Rang and Duan Gui fled Luoyang with the Young Emperor and the King of Chenliu, reaching Xiaoping Ford. Minister of the Secretariat Lu Zhi pursued them with troops, and Zhang Rang and Duan Gui threw themselves into the river and died. Lu Zhi escorted the Young Emperor and the King of Chenliu back to the palace.

The court changed the era name to Zhaoning. Dong Zhuo came to the capital from Taiyuan, deposed the Young Emperor and made him King of Hongnong, and enthroned the King of Chenliu, Liu Xie, as emperor—the Emperor Xian of Han. He also moved Empress Dowager He to Yong’an Palace. The era name was changed to Yonghan. Dong Zhuo killed Empress Dowager He and Liu Bian, King of Hongnong, at Yong’an Palace, declared himself Chancellor, and monopolized the government. Huang Wan became Grand Commandant, Yang Biao became Minister over the Masses, and Xun Shuang became Minister of Works. Yuan Shao entered Ji Province.

In the Gengwu year (190 CE), the era name was changed to Chuping, and warfare broke out across the realm. Commandants from various regions nominated Yuan Shao as their alliance leader and joined forces against Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo carried out a large-scale slaughter of members of the imperial clan and court officials, then took the emperor by force and moved the capital to Chang’an. Sun Jian raised troops in Jingzhou, and the White Wave Army attacked Dong Commandery. Liu Yu was appointed Grand Tutor, and Zhong Fu became Minister of Works.

In the Xinwei year (191 CE), Dong Zhuo declared himself Grand Preceptor and ordered the palaces in Luoyang burned. He then forced the people to move to Chang’an. Sun Jian defeated Dong Zhuo’s forces at Yangren and entered Luoyang. After repairing the tombs of emperors from earlier dynasties, he led his army back to Luyang. The Black Mountain Army raided Changshan, and the Yellow Turban Army harassed Taishan.

In the Renshen year (192 CE), Wang Yun and Lü Bu, both serving under Dong Zhuo, killed him in Chang’an and exterminated his three related clans. Li Jue and Guo Si, former subordinates of Dong Zhuo, captured Chang’an and killed Wang Yun, while Lü Bu fled. Li Jue and Guo Si took control of the court, appointing Huangfu Song as Grand Commandant and Chunyu Jia as Minister over the Masses. Cao Cao defeated the Yellow Turban Army at Shouzhang. Sun Jian died, and his son Sun Ce took command of his troops.

In the Guiyou year (193 CE), Li Jue and Guo Si carried out extensive killing and looting in the Three Fu region. Zhu Jun became Grand Commandant, and Zhao Wen became Minister of Works. Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu fought in the east.

In the Jiaxu year (194 CE), the era name was changed to Xingping, and the emperor held his coming-of-age ceremony. Yang Biao became Grand Commandant. Sun Ce occupied the lands south of the Yangtze.

In the Yihai year (195 CE), Li Jue and Guo Si fought for power in Chang’an. Yang Ding, Yang Feng, and Dong Cheng escorted the emperor east on his return journey. Cao Cao defeated Lü Bu at Dingtao and seized Yan Province. Lü Bu fled to Liu Bei.

In the Bingzi year (196 CE), the emperor returned to Luoyang, and the era name was changed to Jian’an. Cao Cao moved the emperor to Xuchang and established the capital there.

In the Dingchou year (197 CE), Yuan Shu declared himself emperor in Jiujiang, and the court appointed Yuan Shao Grand General. Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shu in Yangzhou. Lü Bu attacked Liu Bei at Xiapi, and Liu Bei fled to Cao Cao.

In the Wuyin year (198 CE), Cao Cao subdued Lü Bu at Xiapi and annexed Xu Province.

In the Jimao year (199 CE), Yuan Shu died. Cao Cao sent his subordinate Gongsun Zan to garrison the area around the Yishui River. Sun Ce defeated Liu Xun in Lujiang.

In the Gengchen year (200 CE), Cao Cao decisively defeated Yuan Shao at Guandu. Liu Bei left Cao Cao and sought refuge with Liu Biao in southern Jingzhou. Sun Ce, who controlled the lands south of the Yangtze, died, and his younger brother Sun Quan took charge of affairs.

In the Xinsi year (201 CE), no major events are recorded in this section.

In the Renwu year (202 CE), Yuan Shao died. His son Yuan Shang succeeded him and appointed his younger brother Yuan Tan as a general.

In the Guiwei year (203 CE), Yuan Shang and Yuan Tan fought. After being defeated, Yuan Tan sought refuge with Cao Cao.

In the Jiashen year (204 CE), Cao Cao captured Ye City from Yuan Shang and took control of Ji Province. Yuan Shang fled to Qing Province.

Cao Cao defeated the Yuan brothers. Yuan Tan fled again, and Yuan Shang fled as well.

In the year Yiyou, Cao Cao wiped out the Yuan forces in Qingzhou. Yuan Tan was killed in battle, and Yuan Shang fled to Wandi.

In the year Bingxu, Cao Cao defeated Gao Gan in Taiyuan. Gao Gan fled to Jingzhou.

In the year Dinghai, Cao Cao defeated the Wuhuan at Liaocheng. Yuan Shang fled to Liaodong, where he later died.

In the year Wuzi, Cao Cao executed Kong Rong, Grand Master of the Palace. He then became Chancellor. Liu Biao, governor of Jingzhou, died, and his son Liu Cong succeeded him. Liu Bei brought Zhuge Liang into his service. Zhuge Liang was in Nanyang and joined forces with the army led by Zhou Yu, Sun Quan’s commander. Together they decisively defeated Cao Cao at Red Cliffs. Liu Bei then took control of Jingzhou, declared himself its governor, and established his seat of government at Gong’an.

In the year Jichou, Sun Quan met Liu Bei at Jingkou. Liu Bei submitted a memorial recommending Sun Quan for the post of governor of Xuzhou, and Sun Quan likewise submitted a memorial recommending Liu Bei as governor of Jingzhou.

In the year Gengyin, Cao Cao built the Bronze Sparrow Terrace in Ye. Sun Quan moved south and took control of Jiaozhou.

In the year Xinmao, Cao Cao pacified Guanzhong. Liu Bei met Liu Zhang, governor of Yizhou, at Jiameng. Sun Quan moved his seat of government from Jingkou to Moling.

In the year Renchen, Cao Cao placed the territory north of the Yellow River under the jurisdiction of Ye. Sun Quan built Stone City and renamed Moling Jianye.

In the year Guisi, on the strength of the ten commanderies of Jizhou, Cao Cao was enfeoffed as Duke of Wei and granted the Nine Bestowals, nine honors bestowed by an emperor on a powerful subject. Liu Bei attacked Liu Zhang, governor of Yizhou, and laid siege to Chengdu. Sun Quan repelled Cao Cao at Ruxu.

In the cyclical sequence of the “Jing Shi,” this is the year You, corresponding to 2,242.

In the year Jiawu, the twenty-sixth year of Emperor Xian of Han’s reign, Cao Cao killed Empress Fu and her two sons. He also defeated Zhang Lu’s forces in Hanzhong, who were known as the “rice bandits.” Liu Bei captured Chengdu and took control of Ba and Shu. Sun Quan seized three commanderies from Liu Bei.

In the year Yiwei, Cao Cao married his daughter to Emperor Xian of Han and had her made empress. He also pacified Zhang Lu in Hanzhong. Sun Quan and Liu Bei joined forces to attack Cao Cao.

In the year Bingshen, Cao Cao was elevated to King of Wei and campaigned south against Sun Quan.

In the year Dingyou, Cao Cao adopted the clothing and ceremonial objects of the Son of Heaven. Sun Quan submitted a memorial declaring himself a subject, and Cao Cao responded by arranging a marriage alliance.

In the year Wuxu, Geng Ji, Grand Administrator of the Household, and Wei Huang, Director of the Investigations Office, plotted to assassinate Cao Cao. Their attempt failed, and they were executed. Cao Cao attacked Liu Bei and advanced further into Hanzhong.

In the year Jihai, Liu Bei seized Hanzhong, which Cao Cao controlled, and declared himself King of Han. Sun Quan seized Liu Bei’s Jingzhou and declared himself its governor. Guan Yu was killed as a result.

In the year Gengzi, the reign title was changed to Jiankang. Cao Cao died, and his son Cao Pi succeeded him. That year, Cao Pi accepted the abdication of the Han in Ye, founded the Wei dynasty, and took the title Emperor Wen. He changed the state name to Wei and the reign title to Huangchu, demoted Emperor Xian of Han to Duke of Shanyang, and buried Cao Cao, honoring him as Grand Ancestor.

The Cao Wei capital was moved from Ye to Luoyang, with Xiling as an intermediate stop.

In the xinchou year (221), Cao Wei performed sacrifices to Heaven and Earth in the suburbs. That year, Liu Bei declared himself emperor in Chengdu, founded the state of Shu, adopted the reign title Zhangwu, and appointed Zhuge Liang as chancellor. Sun Quan moved his capital from Jianye to E County and renamed the county Wuchang.

In the renyin year (222), Cao Wei sent troops to attack the state of Wu. Shu launched a campaign against Wu, but the fighting went badly, and Wu forces defeated its army at Xiaoting. That year, Sun Quan declared himself king at Wuchang, named his state Wu, and adopted the reign title Huangwu. He sent envoys to establish friendly relations with Shu and restore the ties between them.

In the guimao year (223), Liu Bei, ruler of Shu, died at Baidi City. His heir, Liu Shan, succeeded him; later generations called him the Later Lord. Liu Shan changed the reign title to Jianxing. Cao Wei and Shu established marital ties.

In the jiachen year (224), Cao Wei sent troops to attack Wu.

In the yisi year (225), Cao Wei sent troops to attack Wu from the direction of Guangling. Zhuge Liang of Shu pacified the non-Han peoples of four commanderies.

In the bingwu year (226), Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, died, and his heir Cao Rui succeeded him. Later generations called him Emperor Ming of Wei. Sima Yi was appointed General of Agile Cavalry.

In the dingwei year (227), Cao Wei changed the reign title to Taihe and held sacrifices at the southern suburb and in the Hall of Light. Zhuge Liang of Shu led troops out of Hanzhong.

In the wushen year (228), Shu forces besieged Chencang in Cao Wei. Wu forces defeated Wei troops at Shiting.

In the jiyou year (229), Shu forces captured Wudu Commandery from Cao Wei. Sun Quan declared himself emperor, changed the reign title to Huanglong, and moved the capital from Wuchang back to Jianye.

In the gengxu year (230), Cao Wei attacked Shu and granted Sima Yi the Yellow Battle-Axe, giving him authority to command troops in campaigns. Zhuge Liang of Shu attacked Tianshui Commandery in Cao Wei.

In the xinhai year (231), Shu forces besieged Mount Qi in Cao Wei.

In the renzi year (232), Shu forces halted their military campaign at Huangsha. Wu changed its reign title to Jiahe.

In the guichou year (233), Cao Wei changed its reign title to Qinglong. Shu forces attacked Cao Wei, advancing through the Baoxie Road.

In the jiayin year (234), Cao Wei attacked Wu in the south, advancing as far as Shouchun; it also attacked Shu in the west, pushing forward to the southern border of Wei. Zhuge Liang of Shu died in the army. Wu forces attacked Cao Wei, advancing from the direction of Hefei. That year, the Lord of Shanyang, a former Han emperor, died.

In the yimao year (235), Cao Wei undertook extensive construction, building palaces at Luoyang. Sima Yi was appointed Grand Commandant. Shu appointed Jiang Wan as General-in-Chief and entrusted him with governing the state.

In the bingchen year (236), no events are recorded in this section.

In the dingsi year (237), Cao Wei changed its reign title to Jingchu. Gongsun Yuan rebelled in Liaodong and declared himself king.

In the wuwu year (238), Sima Yi of Cao Wei pacified Liaodong. Shu changed its reign title to Yanxi, and Wu changed its reign title to Chiwu.

In the jiwei year (239), Cao Rui, Emperor Ming of Wei, died, and King Cao Fang succeeded him. Sima Yi and Cao Shuang jointly served as regents.

In the gengshen year (240), Cao Wei changed its reign title to Zhengshi.

In the xinyou year (241), Quan Cong of Wu attacked Cao Wei, leading troops out from the direction of Huainan.

In the year Renxu, Jiang Wei of Shu-Han attacked Cao-Wei, and the army set out from Hanzhong.

In the year Guihai, the Wei emperor held the ceremony of receiving the adult cap, a rite of passage held when a man came of age. Sima Yi attacked Eastern Wu and reached Shu. Jiang Wan of Shu-Han attacked Cao-Wei, and the army set out from Hanzhong. Eastern Wu also attacked Cao-Wei, setting out from Lu’an.

The Jingshi records the ordinal number of the Xu year as 2,243.

In the year Jiazi, Cao Fang was in the fifth year of his reign as ruler of Wei, Liu Shan in the twenty-first year of his reign as ruler of Shu, and Sun Quan in the twenty-third year of his reign as ruler of Wu. Cao Shuang attacked Shu-Han but gained no advantage.

In the year Yichou, Shu-Han attacked Cao-Wei, with Fei Yi leading the army from Hanzhong. The Eastern Wu general Ma Mao plotted a rebellion and was executed along with his three clans: his paternal relatives, maternal relatives, and wife’s family.

In the year Bingyin.

In the year Dingmao, Cao Shuang held power, and He Yan controlled the court’s affairs of state. Sima Yi claimed to be ill and stayed at home.

In the year Wuchen, Shu-Han attacked Cao-Wei, with Fei Yi leading the army from Hanzhong.

In the year Jisi, while Cao Shuang accompanied the Wei emperor to pay respects at the Gaoping Mausoleum, Grand Tutor Sima Yi raised troops in the capital and executed Cao Shuang and the three clans of his followers: Cao Yi, Cao Xun, Cao Yan, He Yan, Ding Mi, Deng Yang, Bi Gui, Li Sheng, Huan Fan, and Zhang Dang. Sima Yi escorted the Wei emperor back to the palace, changed the era name to Jiaping, and restored the empress dowager to her position. Sima Yi was granted the Nine Bestowments, nine honors conferred by ancient emperors on high ministers, and took sole control of state affairs.

In the year Gengwu, Cao-Wei attacked Nan Commandery in Eastern Wu.

In the year Xinwei, Sima Yi died, and his son Sima Shi took over the affairs of state. Eastern Wu changed its era name to Taiyuan.

In the year Renshen, Cao-Wei attacked Eastern Wu but fared poorly in battle. Eastern Wu changed its era name to Shenfeng. Sun Quan died, and his son Sun Liang succeeded him, changing the era name to Jianxing.

In the year Guiyou, Eastern Wu and Shu-Han joined forces to attack Cao-Wei.

In the year Jiaxu, a coup took place in Cao-Wei. Sima Shi deposed the Wei ruler Cao Fang and installed Cao Mao, the Lord of Gaogui Township, as emperor, changing the era name to Zhengyuan. Sima Shi served as regent with the Imperial Yellow Axe, a symbol of the emperor’s authority to grant a minister the power to wage war, and took sole control of the government. He was known as King Jing. Shu-Han attacked Cao-Wei, and Jiang Wei captured three Wei cities. Eastern Wu changed its era name to Wufeng.

In the year Yihai, Sima Shi attacked Eastern Wu and, after pacifying Huainan, returned to Xuchang, where he soon died. His younger brother Sima Zhao took over the affairs of state, becoming General-in-Chief and Director of the Imperial Secretariat, and assumed sole control of the court. The Shu general Jiang Wei defeated Wei forces at Lintao; the Wu general Sun Jun defeated Wei forces at Shouchun.

In the year Bingzi, Cao-Wei changed its era name to Ganlu and inflicted a major defeat on Shu forces at Shanggui. Sima Zhao was known as King Wen and served as regent with the Imperial Yellow Axe. Eastern Wu changed its era name to Taiping. The Grand General Sun Jun died, and turmoil broke out in Wu.

In the year Dingchou, the Cao-Wei Grand General Zhuge Dan rebelled in Yangzhou and sought refuge in Eastern Wu. Shu-Han attacked Cao-Wei, with Jiang Wei leading the army from Luogu. The Wu ruler Sun Liang began to personally manage state affairs.

In the year Wuyin, Sima Zhao of Wei attacked Wu, captured Shouchun, and executed Zhuge Dan. Shu changed its era name to Jingyao, while the eunuch Huang Hao seized control of the government. Wu fell into turmoil. The senior general Sun Lin deposed its ruler, Sun Liang, and installed Sun Xiu, Sun Liang’s younger brother, as ruler, changing the era name to Yong’an. Sun Lin plotted a rebellion and was later executed.

The year Jimao.

In the year Gengchen, turmoil broke out in Wei. Sima Zhao killed its ruler, Cao Mao, and installed Cao Huang, Duke of Changdao, as emperor, changing the era name to Jingyuan. Sima Zhao was granted the Nine Bestowments, a lavish honor bestowed on high-ranking subjects in ancient times, and elevated to Duke of Jin. He took sole control of the government.

The year Xinsi.

In the year Renwu, the Wei generals Deng Ai and Zhong Hui led their armies to attack Shu.

In the year Guiwei, Wei conquered Shu and moved its ruler, Liu Shan, to Luoyang. Shu changed its era name to Yanxing, but the state fell that same year. Wu sent troops to Shouchun to aid Shu, but the effort failed.

In the year Jiashen, Sima Zhao was elevated to Prince of Jin and granted twenty additional commanderies. He adopted the clothing and ceremonial objects of the Son of Heaven and changed the era name to Xianxi. He ordered Deng Ai and Zhong Hui to be summoned in prisoner carts. Taking advantage of a rebellion by Shu troops, Zhong Hui raised an army. The ruler of Wu, Sun Xiu, died. Sun Xing, Prince of Puyang, and Zhang Bu, a commander of the central army, deposed Sun Xiu’s son Sun Ling and installed Sun Hao, the son of Sun He, a son of Sun Quan, as ruler. They changed the era name to Yuanxing. After taking the throne, Sun Hao executed Sun Xing and Zhang Bu.

In the year Yiyou, Sima Zhao of Wei died, and his son Sima Yan succeeded him. That year, Sima Yan replaced the Wei regime and became Emperor Wu of Jin. He renamed the state Jin and set the era name to Taishi. Cao Huang, the Wei emperor, was demoted to King of Chenliu and moved to Ye. Wu moved its capital to Wuchang and changed its era name to Ganlu.

In the year Bingxu, Wu changed its era name to Baoding, then moved its capital back to Jianye.

In the year Dinghai, the Jin dynasty appointed Sima Zhong as crown prince.

In the year Wuzi, Wu sent troops to attack Jin.

In the year Jichou, Wu changed its era name to Jianheng and advanced south to attack Jiaozhi.

In the year Gengyin, the Wu general Sun Xiu defected to Jin.

In the year Xinmao, Wu put down the rebellion in Jiaozhi. Liu Shan, the former ruler of Shu, died in Jin.

In the year Renchen, Jia Chong of Jin married his daughter to the crown prince, Sima Zhong, and later became Minister of Works. Wu changed its era name to Fenghuang.

In the year Guisi, He Lu of Jin became Minister over the Masses. Wu troops invaded Yiyang in Jin.

The Classic of the Supreme Ultimate records: In the Hain year of the Classic of Ages, two thousand two hundred and forty-four.

In the year Jiawu, the tenth year of Emperor Wu of Jin’s reign and also the tenth year of Sun Hao’s rule in Wu, Jin carved out part of Youzhou to establish Pingzhou.

In the year Yiwei, Jin changed its era name to Xianning, and Wu changed its era name to Tiance.

In the year Bingshen, seventeen tribal states in the eastern and western regions submitted to Jin. Wu changed its era name to Tianxi.

In the year Dingyou, tribes from all four directions submitted to Jin. Wu changed its era name to Tianji. The generals Shao Kai and Xia Xiang fled into Jin territory.

In the year Wuxu, Liu Fan and Zu Shi of Wu fled into Jin territory.

In the year Jihai, the Jin court appointed Jia Chong as commander-in-chief and placed seven generals under his command—Yang Hun, Wang Shen of Langya, Wang Hun, Wang Rong, Hu Fen, Du Yu, Tang Bin, and Wang Jun—leading an army of two hundred thousand against the state of Wu. That year, people in Jixian opened the tomb of King Xiang of Wei and found seventy-five volumes of books.

In the year Gengzi, the Jin court conquered Wu and moved Sun Hao to Luoyang. The era name was changed to Taikang.

In the year Xinchou.

In the year Renyin, twenty-nine states among the peoples of the eastern and western regions came to pay tribute. Shan Tao became Minister over the Masses, and Wei Guan became Minister of Works. Jia Chong died.

In the year Guimao, Sun Hao died, and Wei Shu became Minister over the Masses.

In the year Jiachen.

In the year Yisi.

In the year Bingwu.

In the year Dingwei.

In the year Wushen.

In the year Jiyou, Sima Liang, Prince of Runan, became Grand Marshal and was granted the use of the yellow battle-axe, a ceremonial insignia symbolizing command of troops and the authority to wage war.

In the year Gengxu, the era name was changed to Taixi. Emperor Wu of Jin died, and the Crown Prince, Sima Zhong, ascended the throne as Emperor Hui of Jin. Emperor Hui made a woman of the Jia clan empress and changed the era name to Yongxi. Emperor Wu was buried at Junling. Wang Hun became Minister over the Masses; He Shao, Grand Tutor; Pei Kai, Junior Tutor; He Jiao, Junior Guardian; Wang Rong, Junior Mentor; Wei Guan, Grand Guardian; and Shi Jian, Minister of Works.

In the year Xinhai, the era name was changed to Yongping. Empress Jia took sole control of the court and exterminated the families of twelve high officials. Among those killed were Grand Tutor Yang Jun, Grand Guardian Wei Guan, and Sima Liang, Prince of Runan. Empress Dowager Yang was deposed to commoner status and moved to Jinyong City. The court ordered the various princes to go to their fiefs, changed the era name to Yuankang, and appointed Sima Lun, Prince of Zhao, as General-in-Chief.

In the year Renzi, Empress Jia had Empress Dowager Yang killed at Jinyong City.

In the year Guichou.

In the year Jiayin.

In the year Yimao, the armory caught fire.

In the year Bingchen, Zhang Hua became Minister of Works. Rebellion broke out in the Qin and Yong regions: Qi Wannian rose up at Jingyang, and Yang Maosou rose up at Baiqing.

In the year DingSi, Wang Rong became Minister over the Masses, and He Shao became Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, one of the department’s senior officials.

In the year Wuwu.

In the year Jiwei, Empress Jia deposed the Crown Prince, Sima Yu, reducing him to commoner status and sending him with his two sons to Jinyong City. Pei Wei became Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs.

In the year Gengshen, the era name was changed to Yongkang. Empress Jia was deposed to commoner status and moved to Xuchang. Sima Lun, Prince of Zhao, and Sima Tong, Prince of Liang, deposed her, reduced her to commoner status, and had her taken to Jinyong City and killed. The court also executed the chief minister Zhang Hua, Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs Pei Wei, and Palace Attendant Jia Mi. Ji Kang, Lü An, Shi Chong, and Pan Yue were put to death at the eastern marketplace. Sima Lun was granted the use of the yellow battle-axe and declared himself Chancellor of State.

Anyu, who held power arbitrarily, appointed Tong as Grand Steward, an official who assisted the emperor and directed the affairs of state, and installed Lady Yang as empress. Zhao Xin, a member of Jia’s faction, raised a rebellion in Chengdu.

In the year Xinyou, the Prince of Zhao, Sima Lun, a member of the Western Jin imperial house, seized power without authorization, moved the emperor to Jinyong Fortress, a castle in Luoyang, and changed the era name to Jianshi. The Prince of Qi, Sima Jiong; the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying; and the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong, raised troops and marched on the capital to punish him. Sima Lun and his followers welcomed the emperor back and restored him to power. Sima Jiong became Grand Marshal and took control of the affairs of state. He also appointed Sima Ying as General-in-Chief and Sima Yong as Grand Commandant, and changed the era name to Yongning.

Li Te, a refugee, killed Zhao Qin in Chengdu. Zhang Gui raised troops in Liangzhou.

In the year Renxu, the Prince of Changsha, Sima Ai; the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong; the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying; the Prince of Xinye, Sima Xin; and the Prince of Fanyang, Sima Xiao, raised troops and marched on the capital to punish the Prince of Qi, Sima Jiong. They sent Sima Jiong and his kinsmen to Jinyong Fortress and killed him there. Sima Ai made himself Grand Commandant, took sole control of the affairs of state, and changed the era name to Tai’an. Li Te, a refugee, occupied six commanderies, proclaimed himself Governor of Yizhou, and garrisoned Guanghan.

In the year Guihai, the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong; the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying; and the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, arrested the Prince of Changsha, Sima Ai, and sent him to Jinyong Fortress to be killed. Sima Yong made himself Grand Steward and took sole control of the affairs of state in Chang’an. Lu Ji and Lu Yun raised troops and were killed in battle. Shi Bing rebelled in the areas of Xuzhou and Yangzhou. Li Te attacked Chengdu but failed to capture it and was killed in battle; his son Li Xiong carried on his cause.

The Imperial Ultimate Classic for Ordering the Ages, juan 6

Using the Cycles to Infer the Affairs of the World, Part Nine; “Treatise on Observing Things,” chapter 33

The Classic Era: Jia 1

The Classic Meeting: Wu 7

The Classic Cycle: Xin 188

The Classic Age: Zi 2,245

The Classic Age: Zi 2,245

In the year Jiazi, the fourteenth year of Emperor Hui of Jin, the Prince of Hejian, Sima Yong, deposed Empress Yang and Crown Prince Sima Tan, and moved them to Jinyong Fortress. He submitted a memorial requesting that the Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, be appointed Crown Prince’s Regent, bestowed the Nine Honors—grand ceremonial privileges granted by ancient emperors to powerful ministers—and sent him to garrison Ye. He also changed the era name to Yong’an. Chen Zhen, General of the Right Guard, restored Lady Yang to her position as empress and Sima Tan to his position as crown prince.

Wang Rong; the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue; the Prince of Gaomi, Sima Jian; the Duke of Pingchang, Sima Mo; the Prince of Wu, Sima Yan; the Prince of Yuzhang, Sima Chi; the Prince of Xiangyang, Sima Fan; and Xun Fan, Left Vice Director of the Secretariat, among others, led eight contingents of troops to support the emperor’s northern campaign. Their army was defeated at Tangyin. Ji Shao, an Attendant Gentleman, died defending the emperor. The emperor reached the Northern Army’s camp. Sima Ying took the emperor to Ye and changed the era name to Jianwu.

Zhang Fang, a general under Sima Yong, entered Luoyang and again deposed Empress Yang and Crown Prince Sima Tan. Wang Jun, General Who Pacified the North, and the Duke of Dongying, Sima Teng, led Wuhuan troops in an attack on Ye. Sima Ying’s army…

After the defeat, Emperor Huai of Jin returned to Luoyang. Prince of Hejian Sima Yong sent Zhang Fang to move the emperor to Chang’an, the western capital. Empress Yang was restored to her position, and the era name “Yong’an” was reinstated.

The Crown Prince of Chengdu, Sima Ying, made Sima Chi, Prince of Yuzhang, crown prince and changed the era name to “Yongxing.” Sima Rong took part in governing, and the court began operating separate eastern and western administrations. That same year, Li Xiong drove Luo Shang out of Chengdu and declared himself king. Liu Yuan, King of the Left Worthy of the Xiongnu, proclaimed himself king at Lishi and adopted the era name “Yuanxi.”

In the year Yichou, Sima Yue, Prince of the Eastern Sea, reorganized his forces around Xuzhou, while Sima Xiao, Prince of Fanyang, raised troops at Xuchang to oppose him. Sima Ying, Prince of Chengdu, held troops in Hebei. Sima Yong, Prince of Hejian, once again deposed Empress Yang and appointed Sima Ying Grand General and commander of all military affairs in Hebei. The forces of Sima Xiao and Sima Yue, led by their subordinate Zhou Quan, entered Luoyang. He Qiao, magistrate of Luoyang County, killed Zhou Quan, and Empress Yang was deposed again.

Sima Xiao and Sima Yue continued to attack Sima Ying. After his defeat, Sima Ying abandoned Yecheng and fled to Luoyang. When Sima Xiao and Sima Yue attacked Luoyang, Sima Ying fled to Chang’an to seek refuge with Sima Yong. Liu Yuan of the Han state attacked the Jin general Liu Kun at Banqiao but failed to defeat him.

In the year Bingyin, Sima Yue, Prince of the Eastern Sea, and Sima Xiao, Prince of Fanyang, sent troops to attack Chang’an. Sima Yong, Prince of Hejian, and Sima Ying, Prince of Chengdu, fled into the Southern Mountains. Their forces’ commanders, Qi Hong and Song Zhou, escorted the emperor east back to Luoyang. Yang was again made empress, and the era name was changed to “Guangxi.” Sima Yue declared himself Grand Tutor and Director of the Imperial Secretariat, taking sole control of the government. Sima Xiao was appointed Minister of Works but died soon afterward. Sima Yue then killed the emperor and enthroned the crown prince, Sima Chi, who became Emperor Huai of Jin. Sima Yue appointed Wen Xian Minister over the Masses and Wang Yan Minister of Works. Sima Yong and Sima Ying died in the wilderness. Li Xiong declared himself emperor, made Chengdu his capital, named his state Shu, and adopted the era name “Taiwu.” His regime is known to history as Later Shu.

In the year Dingmao, the Jin dynasty changed its era name to “Yongjia.” Sima Yue, Prince of the Eastern Sea, declared himself Grand Chancellor and stationed himself at Xuchang. He also appointed Liang Fen, the empress’s father, Grand Commandant. Ji Sang, a supporter of the Prince of Chengdu, captured Yecheng, while Wang Mi raised troops in Qingzhou and Xuzhou. Liu Yuan of the Han state captured several Jin commanderies in the Hedong region. The Jin general Liu Kun held Jinyang alone.

In the year Wuchen, Liu Yuan declared himself emperor at Puzi, changed the era name to “Yongfeng,” captured Pingyang from the Jin, and made it his capital. Wang Mi and Shi Le submitted to the Han state. Shi Le attacked Changshan, while Wang Mi advanced on Luoyang and burned Jianchun Gate.

In the year Jisi, Sima Yue, Prince of the Eastern Sea, entered Luoyang and killed more than ten high officials. He appointed Shan Jian, Left Vice Director of the Imperial Secretariat, Grand General for the Eastern Campaign and commander of all military affairs in Jingzhou, to defend Xiangyang and the Han River region. Liu Yuan changed the era name to “Herui.” Shi Le sent out his troops.

Wang Mi of Julu set out from Shangdang with his troops, while Liu Cong set out from Huguan. The two forces joined in an attack on Luoyang, the Jin capital.

In the Gengwu year, Sima Yue, Prince of Donghai, called on the princes throughout the realm to send troops, but none responded. He set out from Xuchang with his own army. At this time, Liu Yuan of Han—the Han regime founded by the Xiongnu—died, and his son Liu He succeeded him. Liu He’s younger brother, Liu Cong, Prince of Chu, killed Liu He, proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the era name to Guangxing. He made Liu Yi, Prince of Beihai, the designated heir to the throne, and appointed Liu Yao chancellor and Shi Le grand general.

In the Xinwei year, the realm fell into chaos. The Jin court issued an edict ordering Gou Xi, governor of Yan Province, to join forces with the princes’ armies and attack Xuchang. Gou Xi set out to join Sima Yue, Prince of Donghai, but Sima Yue died, and the advance came to a halt. That year, Luoyang fell, and Shi Le captured Wang Yan. The Jin army suffered defeat twelve times. Emperor Min of Jin and the Six Imperial Seals, symbols of the emperor’s succession, fell into enemy hands. Chang’an also fell, and Sima Mo, Prince of Nanyang, was captured by the enemy as well. The Han generals Liu Yao, Wang Mi, and Shi Le captured Luoyang and took Emperor Huai of Jin prisoner to Pingyang; they changed the era name to Jiaping. Liu Yao captured Chang’an and held it. Shi Le killed Wang Mi at Jiwu and absorbed his followers. Li Xiong of Shu captured Zitong and Fucheng from the Jin and changed the era name to Yuheng.

In the Ren Shen year, Emperor Huai of Jin was held prisoner in Pingyang. Jia Pi repelled Liu Yao at Chang’an. Yan Ding, Liang Fen, Liang Zong, Qu Yun, Qu Te, and other officials of the Three Fu—the region around Chang’an—proclaimed Sima Ye, Prince of Qin, crown prince and escorted him into Chang’an. Sima Rui, Prince of Langya and General Who Guards the East, gathered the scattered troops and assembled a large force at Shouchun. Gou Xi was defeated while defending Mengcheng and surrendered to Shi Le. Liu Kun was defeated while defending Jinyang and fled to Changshan. Tuoba Yilu arrived with sixty thousand troops to provide relief and inflicted a major defeat on Liu Yao and Liu Can at Langmeng. Liu Kun then withdrew to Yangqu. Liu Cong, emperor of Han, took two daughters of Liu Yin as empresses and made four of Liu Yin’s granddaughters imperial consorts. He captured Taiyuan from the Jin, but later lost it.

In the Gui You year, Emperor Huai of Jin died in Pingyang. Crown Prince Sima Ye proclaimed himself emperor at Chang’an. He is known in history as Emperor Min of Jin, and he changed the era name to Jianxing. He appointed Liang Fen Minister over the Masses; Qu Yun, with imperial credentials, as commander of the army and director of the Department of State Affairs; and Suo Lin as Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. He appointed Sima Rui, Prince of Langya, Left Chancellor, with command over military affairs east of the Shan Pass, and Sima Bao, Prince of Nanyang, Right Chancellor, with command over military affairs west of the Shan Pass. All the commanderies and counties of Shandong fell into enemy hands. The Han general Shi Le garrisoned Xiangguo. Cao Yi captured three commanderies in Qi and occupied Guanggu.

In the year of the Wood Dog (314 CE, near the end of the Western Jin dynasty), the Western Jin appointed Sima Rui, Prince of Langya, as Grand Marshal, Gou Zu (also known as Xun Zu) as Minister of Works, and Liu Kun as General-in-Chief. Zhang Gui of Liangzhou was also made Grand Commandant and Prince of Xiping. After Zhang Gui died, his son Zhang Shi succeeded him and took the title Prince of Xihe. His state was called Liang, its era name was Yongxing, and its capital was Guzang (present-day Wuwei, Gansu). It is known to history as Former Liang. That same year, Liu Cong of the Han state installed three empresses and changed the era name to Jianyuan. The Han general Liu Yao besieged Chang’an, the Western Jin capital, while Shi Le of Later Zhao—still a Han general at the time—besieged Youzhou, a Jin territory.

In the year of the Wood Pig, the Western Jin promoted Sima Rui, Prince of Langya and Left Chancellor, to Grand Commander, placing all military affairs inside and outside the court under his authority. Sima Bao, Prince of Nanyang and Right Chancellor, was appointed Chancellor of State; Gou Zu, Minister of Works, became Grand Commandant; and Liu Kun, General-in-Chief, became Minister of Works. Tao Kan pacified the Jiangnan region and captured the rebel Du Tao. Liu Cong of Han installed seven more empresses and gave Shi Le independent authority to make decisions, placing him in charge of military campaigns. Shi Le captured Puyang from the Jin.

In the year of the Fire Rat, enemy forces captured Chang’an, and Emperor Min of Jin left the city and surrendered. The Han general Liu Yao seized Chang’an, took the Jin emperor prisoner to Pingyang, and changed the era name to Linjia. Shi Le captured Taiyuan from the Jin. Liu Kun fled to Youzhou and sought refuge with the Xianbei leader Duan Pidi.

In the year of the Fire Ox, Emperor Min of Jin was held prisoner in Pingyang. Sima Rui, Prince of Langya, crossed the Yangtze River and declared himself King of Jin at Jiankang (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), adopting the era name Jianwu. He appointed Sima Yang, Prince of Xiyang, as Grand Commandant, Wang Dun as General-in-Chief, and Wang Dao as Grand Commander of military affairs inside and outside the court. Emperor Min of Jin died in Pingyang.

In the year of the Earth Tiger, Sima Rui, King of Jin, declared himself emperor at Jiankang and changed the era name to Daxing. He named his son Sima Shao crown prince; Sima Rui was later known as Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Jin. Liu Kun was killed by Duan Pidi. Wang Dun declared himself governor of Jingzhou, while Wang Dao established a government office in Jiankang to assist in governing. Liu Cong of Han died, and his son Liu Can succeeded him, changing the era name to Hanchang. Later, the general Jin Zhun killed Liu Can and declared himself ruler. Chancellor Liu Yao traveled from Chang’an to Chibi, declared himself emperor, and changed the era name to Guangchu. He also bestowed the Nine Honors—the highest distinction an emperor could grant a powerful minister—on the General-in-Chief Shi Le, naming him Duke of Zhao. The people of Han killed Jin Zhun and welcomed Liu Yao.

In the year of the Earth Rabbit, Sima Bao, Prince of Nanyang, declared himself King of Jin at Qishan. Liu Yao of Han returned to Chang’an, changed the state’s name to Zhao, and killed Wang Xun, an envoy sent by Shi Le. This state is known to history as Former Zhao. Shi Le declared himself king at Xiangguo, called his state Zhao, and adopted the era name Zhao King; it is known to history as Later Zhao. He appointed Zhang Bin as chancellor, giving him the title “Chief Law Enforcer,” and appointed his younger brother Shi Hu as a general with the title “Chief Regent.”

In the year of the Metal Dragon, Sima Bao, Prince of Nanyang, fled to Sangcheng and died. Turmoil broke out in Liang, where Zhang Mao killed the ruler in power and took control of the government of Liangzhou.

During the Shí era (a calendrical designation whose precise meaning is unknown), the reign title was changed to Yonghe.

In the Xinsi year, the Jin dynasty appointed Wang Dao as Minister of Works, a high official responsible for state affairs. Youzhou fell, and Duan Pidi was captured by Shi Le. The Xianbei leader Murong Hui accepted Jin titles as Holder of the Credential and Commander-in-Chief of Liaodong, Liaoxi, and other regions.

In the Renwu year, the Jin dynasty changed its reign title to Yongchang. Grand General Wang Dun raised a rebellion in Wuchang, captured Stone City, and declared himself Chancellor and Commander-in-Chief of all military forces, inside and outside the capital. Prince Yang of Xiyang was promoted to Grand Minister of State and also appointed Minister of Works; Wang Dao was promoted to Director of the Secretariat. Shi Hu invaded Taishan. Liang Gu raised a rebellion in Huaiyin. The Jin emperor died of grief and indignation, and Crown Prince Shao succeeded him; this was Emperor Ming. Shi Le captured Henan and defeated Liu Yao.

In the Guiwei year, the Jin dynasty changed its reign title to Taining. Wang Dun was granted the ceremonial battle-axe known as the imperial yellow axe, symbolizing the emperor’s authority to conduct military campaigns. Liu Yao and Shi Le both invaded Jin territory. Liu Yao of Zhao captured Chen An, a Jin subject, and took Longcheng, Shancheng, and Shanggui. Shi Le of Zhao destroyed Cao Yi, who had been enfeoffed by Jin, at Guanggu. Zhang Mao of Liangzhou submitted as a vassal to Former Zhao.

In the Jiashen year, Wang Dun invaded Jiangning. The Jin emperor personally led troops and defeated Wang Dun at Yuecheng. Wang Dun died in Wuhu, and Wang Dao was appointed Grand Minister of State. Li Xiong of Shu made his elder brother’s son, Li Ban, crown prince. Zhang Mao of Liangzhou died, and his elder brother’s son, Zhang Jun, succeeded him and changed the reign title to Taiyuan.

In the Yiyou year, Jin made the emperor’s son Yan crown prince. Shi Le invaded. Jin appointed Tao Kan Grand General Who Conquers the West, with command of military affairs in Jing, Xiang, Liang, and Yong provinces. Emperor Ming died, and Crown Prince Yan succeeded him; this was Emperor Cheng. The Empress Dowager, Lady Yu, ruled from court. Situ Wang Dao oversaw the affairs of the Secretariat and was also appointed Joint Director of the Secretariat. Yu Liang took part in governing. Turmoil broke out in Liaoxi, where Duan Liao killed the former ruler and proclaimed himself king. Shi Le of Zhao captured the Jin provinces of Si, Yan, and Yu, as well as Xin’an and Xuchang, which Liu Yao had occupied.

In the Bingxu year, the Jin dynasty changed its reign title to Xianhe, promoted Wang Dao to Grand Marshal, granted him the imperial yellow axe, and put him in command of all military forces, inside and outside the court. Li Xiong of Shu attacked Fucheng, a Jin city, while Shi Le of Zhao attacked Runan.

In the Dinghai year, Zu Yue, the Jin Inspector of Yuzhou; Su Jun of Liyang; and Prince Xiong of Pengcheng and Prince Xiu of Zhangwu joined forces in rebellion and advanced on Jianye. Sima Liu led troops to resist them but failed to prevail and was killed in battle at Cihu.

In the Wuzi year, Su Jun defeated Jin forces at Xiling and entered the palace compound. He declared himself General of the Agile Cavalry and took charge of the Secretariat’s affairs, then moved the Jin emperor to Stone City. Yu Tan, Yu Bing, Wang Shu, and others raised troops to attack Su Jun, and the three Wu regions joined in response. Tao Kan, General Who Conquers the West, …

Wen Jiao served as General Who Pacifies the South, and Wei Gai as General Who Pacifies the North. The two men laid siege to Shi Jun and destroyed him. Shi Jun’s younger brother, Shi Yi, took command of his troops. Han Huang invaded Xuancheng, and Zu Yue fled to join Shi Le. Shi Le decisively defeated Liu Yao at Luoyang and captured him. He then destroyed Former Zhao and appointed Xu Guang as Director of the Secretariat.

In the year jichou, Su Yi of the Eastern Jin occupied Stone City. Emperor Cheng of Jin camped in the open countryside, while Teng Han defeated Su Yi at Stone City. Su Yi withdrew to defend Wuxing, but Wang Yun defeated him again at Liyang and destroyed him. Shi Sheng of Later Zhao marched to recover Chang’an. Shi Hu captured Shanggui, killed Liu Xi, Liu Yin, and others, then marched on to pacify the western Long region.

In the year gengyin, the Eastern Jin appointed Lu Wan and Kong Yu as Left and Right Vice Directors of the Department of State Affairs, and built a new palace in the imperial park. Tao Kan captured Guo Mo at Xunyang. Li Xiong of Shu attacked the Eastern Jin territory of Badong. Zhang Jun of Liangzhou submitted to Shi Le as a vassal. Shi Le proclaimed himself emperor, moved the capital from Xiangguo to Ye, and changed the era name to Jianping.

In the year xinmao, the Eastern Jin appointed Lu Wan Director of the Department of State Affairs.

In the year renchen, the Eastern Jin moved into the new palace. Tao Kan was promoted to Grand Commandant and then appointed Grand General. Shi Le of Later Zhao died, and his son Shi Hong succeeded him, changing the era name to Yanxi. Shi Hu received the Nine Bestowments—the special honors emperors granted to powerful ministers—and took exclusive control of the government. He called himself Chancellor and King of Wei, and killed Xu Guang, Director of the Secretariat, and Cheng Xia, Senior Deputy Director.

In the year guisi, Murong Hui, Duke of Liaodong under the Eastern Jin, died, and his son Murong Huang succeeded him. Li Xiong, ruler of Shu, died, and his son Li Ban succeeded him; Li Xiong’s uncle Li Shou took control of the government. Later Zhao fell into internal disorder: Shi Hong fled to Qiaocheng, Shi Lang raised troops at Luoyang, and Shi Sheng resisted Shi Hu at Chang’an. Shi Hu eventually destroyed them all.

The Jingshi records the chou year as the 2,246th year in its count.

In the year jiawu, the ninth year of Emperor Cheng of the Eastern Jin, Li Ban, ruler of Shu, was murdered by his older half-brother Li Yue. Li Yue installed Li Xiong’s son Li Qi as emperor, changed the era name to Yuheng, and took sole control of the government. Zhang Jun of Liangzhou accepted the title of Grand General bestowed by the Eastern Jin.

In the year yiwei, the Eastern Jin changed its era name to Xiankang. Shi Hu invaded Eastern Jin territory. The Jin court granted Wang Dao, Grand Marshal, the Golden Axe, a ceremonial emblem of authority to wage war, and sent troops to garrison Cihu, Niuzhu, and Wuhu. Later Zhao was thrown into turmoil: Shi Hu killed Shi Hong, took his place on the throne, called himself Regent Heavenly King, and changed the era name to Jianwu.

In the year bingshen,

In the year dingyou, Murong Huang of the Xianbei proclaimed himself king and established the Liaodong regime. Shi Hu of Later Zhao called himself the Upright Heavenly King.

In the year wuxu, Tuoba Shiyijian, a descendant of Chanyu Modu, proclaimed himself king, made Shengle his capital, named his state Dai, and adopted the era name Jianguo. Shu fell into internal disorder. Li Shou marched from Hanzhong, killed Li Qi, and took his place on the throne. He renamed the state Han and changed the era name to Hanxing. Murong...

Murong Huang attacked Later Zhao.

In the year Jihai, Wang Dao, chancellor of the Eastern Jin, died. The Eastern Jin sent troops to attack Shu.

In the year Gengzi, the Eastern Jin appointed Lu Wan as Minister of Works. Murong Huang of Liaodong, having defeated Shi Hu in battle, sent news of his victory to the Jin court. Li Shou, emperor of the Han state, captured Danzhou from the Eastern Jin.

In the year Xinchou, the Eastern Jin asked Murong Huang to accept the title of acting King of Yan. Murong Huang moved his residence to Helong.

In the year Renyin, Emperor Cheng of the Eastern Jin died. His younger maternal brother, Sima Yue, Prince of Langya, succeeded him as Emperor Kang. The two sons of Emperor Cheng were enfeoffed as Sima Pi, Prince of Langya, and Sima Yi, Prince of Donghai. Yu Bing, Supervisor of the Secretariat; He Chong, Director of the Secretariat; and Zhuge Hui, Director of the Department of State Affairs, assisted in governing. Li Shou, emperor of the Han state, died, and his son Li Shi succeeded him, changing the era name to Taihe.

In the year Guimao, the Eastern Jin changed its era name to Jianyuan.

In the year Jiachen, Emperor Kang of the Eastern Jin died. The crown prince, Sima Dan, succeeded him as Emperor Mu. The Empress Dowager presided over the court and exercised the emperor’s authority. Shi Hu of Zhao failed in an attack on Liangzhou but won a victory in an attack on Yan.

In the year Yisi, the Eastern Jin changed its era name to Yonghe. Sima Yu, Prince of Kuaiji, took charge of six affairs in the Department of State Affairs and monopolized the court’s power.

In the year Bingwu, Huan Wen of the Eastern Jin attacked Shu and subdued Li Shi of the Han state. Li Yi changed the era name to Jianing. Zhang Jun of Liangzhou died, and his son Zhang Chonghua succeeded him, changing the era name to Yongle. Shi Hu of Zhao attacked Jincheng in Liangzhou.

In the year Dingwei, Huan Wen of the Eastern Jin destroyed Shu and moved Li Shi to Jiankang. Unrest broke out again in Shu, and Fan Ben proclaimed himself emperor. Zhang Chonghua of Liangzhou defeated Shi Hu at Baohan.

In the year Wushen, the Eastern Jin appointed Huan Wen Grand General Who Conquers the West. He led his troops into Chang’an and reached Bashang. Murong Huang of Liaodong died, and his son Murong Jun succeeded him. Shi Hu of Zhao attacked Jingling in the Eastern Jin.

In the year Jiyou, the Eastern Jin put down the unrest in Shu. Murong Jun, a Xianbei, proclaimed himself king and established the state of Liaodong, naming it Yan and adopting the era name Yanyuan. This was Former Yan. Shi Hu of Zhao proclaimed himself emperor and changed the era name to Taining. Soon afterward, Shi Hu died, and his son Shi Shi succeeded him. Zhang Chai became chancellor and seized power. Zhao was thrown into internal turmoil: Shi Zun marched from the Guanyou region, killed Shi Shi and Zhang Chai, and declared himself emperor. Shi Bing set out from Jimen in an attempt to attack and kill Shi Zun, but failed. Shi Min killed Shi Zun and installed Shi Jian, changing the era name to Qinglong. As Grand General, Shi Min took exclusive control of the government. Fu Hong then raised an army at Guangchuan.

In the year Gengxu, Shi Jian of Zhao tried to kill the Grand General Shi Min and Li Nong but failed. Shi Min killed Shi Jian, declared himself emperor, resumed the surname Ran, renamed the state Wei, changed the era name to Yongxing, and carried out a widespread purge of the Shi clan’s imperial relatives. Shi Zhi, Shi Jian’s younger brother, proclaimed himself emperor at Xiangguo and sent the general Liu Xian south to attack the Ran clan, but Liu Xian failed to win. Liu Xian then killed Shi Zhi, and…

Zhao’s generals subdued Min, captured Xiangguo, executed Xian, and exterminated his family. Fu Jian led his army from Fangtou into the Guanzhong region, drove Du Hong out of Chang’an, and then occupied the city. He appointed Wei Tong to defend Yan Province, Ran Yu to defend Yu Province, Le Hong to defend Jing Province, and Zheng Xi to defend Luo Province. Liu Huai submitted Youzhou to Jin. Yan expanded southward, extending its power into Youzhou and Jizhou.

Xinhai year: Former Later Zhao general Zhou Cheng occupied Linqiu, Gao Chang occupied Yewang, Le Li occupied Xuchang, and Li Li occupied Weizhou; the four requested to submit to Jin. Liu Qi and Yao Yiqong also fled to Jin. Ran Min of Wei attacked Yan but was defeated and killed in battle, and Wei fell. Fu Jian, a former Later Zhao general, proclaimed himself Heavenly King at Chang’an, founded the Qin state, and adopted the reign title Huangshi; this state is known to history as Former Qin. He defeated Jin forces at Wuzhangyuan. Murong Jun, King of Yan, campaigned south against Wei and destroyed Ran Min at Changcheng.

Renzi year: Jin appointed Sima Xi, Prince of Wuling, Grand Preceptor, and Sima Yu, Prince of Kuaiji, Minister of Works. General Huan Wen was promoted to Grand Commandant. Ran Zhi of Wei surrendered to Yan at Ye. Murong Jun, King of Yan, proclaimed himself emperor, moved his capital from Helong to Zhongshan, and changed the reign title to Yuanxi. Fu Jian, King of Qin, also proclaimed himself emperor at Chang’an.

Guichou year: Liang and Qin went to war. Zhang Chonghua of Liang died, and his son Zhang Yaoling succeeded him. His uncle Zhang Zuo killed Zhang Yaoling, took the throne for himself, and changed the reign title to Yongping.

Jiayin year: Huan Wen, Grand Commandant of Jin, campaigned against Qin and advanced to Bashang. Fu Jian, King of Qin, defeated Jin’s army at Bailuyuan and then defeated it again in the Ziwugu Valley.

Yimao year: Duan Kan, a Jin general, defeated Yan’s army at Langshan. Wang Xizhi, General of the Right Army of Jin, resigned and returned to his home. Song Hun and Zhang Guan killed Zhang Zuo and installed Zhang Xuanjing, younger brother of Zhang Yaoling, as ruler; they changed the reign title to Taishi. Yan attacked Jin to the south but gained no ground. Fu Jian, King of Qin, died, and his son Fu Sheng succeeded him.

Bingchen year: Huan Wen, a Jin general, defeated Yao Xiang’s forces at the Yi River and then recovered Luoyang. Fu Sheng, King of Qin, changed the reign title to Shouguang.

Dingsi year: Jin changed its reign title to Shengping, and the emperor underwent the capping ceremony, marking his coming of age. Wang Biaozhi became Left Vice Director of the Secretariat. Yan changed its reign title to Guangshou and moved its capital from Zhongshan to Ye. Fu Sheng, King of Qin, ruled his subjects with cruelty. Fu Jian killed Fu Sheng and took the throne. He dropped the imperial title, calling himself Heavenly King instead, changed the reign title to Yongxing, and appointed Wang Meng, Lü Polou, Qiang Wang, and Liang Pinglao to assist in governing.

Wuwu year: Feng Yang, a Jin general, led his followers to submit to Yan. Yan seized Shangdang from Jin.

Jiwei year: Jin attacked Yan but failed to prevail; Yan’s army defeated Jin forces at Dong’e. Qin changed its reign title.

In the Ganlu era, Wang Meng was appointed Secretary of the Central Secretariat and put in charge of administering the capital region of Jingzhao.

In the year Gengshen, Yang Jun, Duke of Chouchi under the Jin, died, and his son Yang Shi succeeded him. Murong Jun of Yan died, and his son Murong Wei succeeded him, changing the era name to Jianxi. Murong Ke became Grand Minister of State and directed government affairs; Murong Ping became Grand Tutor, and Murong Gen became Grand Preceptor. Murong Chui was appointed Commander-in-Chief of Henan. Murong Gen plotted rebellion and was executed.

In the year Xinyou, Emperor Mu of Jin died. Sima Pi, Prince of Langya and son of Emperor Cheng, was enthroned and became known as Emperor Ai.

In the year Renxu, Jin changed its era name to Longhe. Yan forces attacked Luoyang, a city held by Jin.

In the year Guihai, Jin changed its era name to Xingning. Huan Wen was appointed Grand Marshal and granted the Yellow Battle Axe, a ceremonial insignia symbolizing the authority to wage war. He was given command of the court’s armies, both within and beyond the capital. Huan Wen led a northern campaign. Zhang Tiansi of Liangzhou killed Zhang Xuanjing, declared himself ruler, and changed the era name to Taiqing. The Yan general Murong Ping attacked Xuchang, a city held by Jin.

The Huangji Jingshi records the cyclical year Yin as ordinal number 2,247.

In the year Jiazi, it was the third year of Emperor Ai of the Eastern Jin. Emperor Ai fell ill after taking elixirs, and the Empress Dowager ruled in his place. The states of Yan and Qin invaded and attacked Luoyang.

In the year Yichou, Emperor Ai of Jin died after taking elixirs. He was succeeded by his younger brother, born of the same mother, Sima Yi, Prince of Langya. Luoyang fell to Yan forces. Sima Xun rebelled in Liangzhou and declared himself King of Chengdu. Qin changed its era name to Jianyuan. The Xiongnu’s Second Right Worthy King rebelled in Shuofang but was quickly defeated.

In the year Bingyin, Jin changed its era name to Taihe, and Sima Yu, Prince of Kuaiji, became prime minister. Yan and Qin invaded. Zhang Tiansi of Liangzhou accepted an appointment from Jin as Grand General and Commander of Longyou. Yan forces captured Lu Commandery, a Jin territory, and Qin forces captured Nanxiang, also held by Jin.

In the year Dingmao, Yan forces attacked Jingling, a Jin territory, while Qin forces attacked Liangzhou, a Jin territory.

In the year Wuchen, Fu Shuang rebelled in Shanggui and Fu Yi rebelled in Puban, both in Qin. Wang Meng suppressed both rebellions.

In the year Jisi, Huan Wen, Grand Marshal of Jin, led a northern campaign against Yan but returned after suffering defeat. He placed the blame on Yuan Zhen. Yuan Zhen defected to Yan with Shouyang. The Yan general Murong Chui defeated Jin forces at Fangtou. Later, because Murong Ping begrudged him the credit for the victory, Murong Chui led his followers in surrendering to Qin. Qin had previously sent troops to aid Yan, but later seized Jinyong from Yan; the record says this was because Yan had broken its word.

In the year Gengwu, Yuan Zhen, the Jin general who had defected to Yan, died in Shouyang, and his son Yuan Jin succeeded him. Huan Wen defeated Yuan Jin at Shouyang. Turmoil broke out around Guanghan and Chengdu. Wang Meng destroyed Yan at Yecheng, moved Murong Wei to Chang’an, and took control of fifty-seven commanderies. Wang Meng remained behind to garrison Yecheng.

In the year Xinwei, Huan Wen of Jin pacified Shouyang, captured Yuan Jin, and brought him back. He then deposed the local ruler.

Yi (Huan Wen) installed Sima Yi, Prince of Haixi, as emperor, appointed Sima Yu, Prince of Kuaiji, as chancellor, and changed the era name to Xian’an.

Sima Yu ascended the throne and was given the posthumous title Emperor Wen. Huan Wen declared himself chancellor, stationed himself at Gushu, and monopolized power. He killed Sima Xi, Prince of Wuling, the Grand Preceptor, and Sima Huang, Prince of Xincai, among others. He also demoted the Prince of Haixi to duke. Later, he killed Sima Xi’s two sons and their mother.

In the year Renshen, the Jin court appointed Miao Jiyu Gou as General Who Guards the East and concurrently as governor of Lelang. Yu Xi raised a rebellion from his base at Hailing and later entered Jingkou. Emperor Wen, Sima Yu, died, and his son Sima Yao succeeded him; he is known to history as Emperor Wu. Huan Wen returned to Gushu. In Liaodong, Wang Meng of Qin subdued Murong Huan; in Qinzhou, he also destroyed the Chouchi Duke Yang Zuan.

In the year Guichou, the Jin court changed the era name to Ningkang. Grand Marshal Huan Wen died, and the empress dowager took charge of the court. Wang Biaozhi became Director of the Secretariat, and Xie An became Vice Director, and the two took control of government affairs. Zhang Tianxi sent tribute to Qin. Qin forces captured Chengdu and Zitong, both belonging to Jin.

In the year Jiaxu, the Jin general Huan Shi defeated Qin forces at Dianjiang. Zhang Yu proclaimed himself king in Shu, but Qin forces later subdued him.

In the year Yihai, Wang Meng, the great general of Qin, died.

In the year Bingzi, the Jin court changed the era name to Taiyuan. The emperor underwent the capping ceremony. The empress dowager handed the administration of state affairs to Huan Chong, Huan Huo, and others. Xie An became Supervisor of the Secretariat, overseeing its affairs. Qin destroyed Former Liang and moved Zhang Tianxi to Guzang. Qin also subdued Shuofang, captured Tuoba Shiyijian, and moved him to Chang’an.

In the year Dingchou, Jin and Qin faced off, and the situation throughout the realm grew tense.

In the year Wuyin, the Jin court built a new palace.

In the year Jimao, Jin forces defeated Qin forces in Huainan; Qin forces captured Xiangyang, a Jin city.

In the year Gengchen, the Jin general Li Xun raised a rebellion in Jiaozhi, while the Qin general Fu Luo rebelled at Helong.

In the year Xinsi, the Jin court appointed Xie Shi as Vice Director of the Secretariat. Huan Shi attacked Qin forces and distinguished himself in battle. The peoples of the four quarters and sixty-two states sent tribute to Qin.

In the year Renwu.

In the year Guiwei, Jin forces attacked Shu and defeated Qin forces at Wudang. Fu Jian, king of Qin, led the full strength of his realm south to attack Jin. Jin forces were commanded by Xie An, with Xie Yan, Xie Xuan, Huan Chong, Huan Yi, and others taking part. At the Fei River, they inflicted a crushing defeat on Qin, then went on to besiege Luoyang. Fu Jian suffered heavy losses at Shouchun, where Fu Rong was killed in battle. Qin generals rebelled one after another. Murong Chui proclaimed himself king and founded a state at Zhongshan, north of Xingyang, naming it Yan and adopting the era name Yanyuan. It is known to history as Later Yan. Later Yan attacked Fu Pi at Ye. Mingting and Zhai Zhen rebelled at Xingtang; Yang Shigui of Chouchi submitted to Jin.

In the Jia Shen year, the Eastern Jin appointed Xie An to the honorary post of Yellow Battle-Axe, placed him in command of military affairs, and also entrusted him with Guangling and other regions. It recovered the fifteen prefectures south of Jingzhou and Xiangyang. Fu Lang of Qin surrendered Qingzhou to Former Qin. Fu Jian, ruler of Former Qin, asked the Eastern Jin for reinforcements, and the Eastern Jin sent Liu Laozhi to relieve Ye.

Former Qin general Yao Chang proclaimed himself King of Qin, named his state Qin, and adopted the reign title White Sparrow. This was Later Qin. Murong Chong proclaimed himself king at Afang, Murong Hong at Huachi, Murong Yong at Zhangzi, and Lü Guang at Jiuquan. The armies of Yao Chang and Murong Chong advanced against Chang’an. Yan marched north to attack Goguryeo in an effort to recover Liaodong.

In the Yi You year, Xie An of the Eastern Jin sent troops to aid Former Qin and reached Chang’an. The Eastern Jin recovered Luoyang, then withdrew its troops. Xie An died. Fu Jian of Former Qin was killed by Yao Chang. Fu Jian’s son Fu Pi attacked Jinyang from Ye, proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the reign title to Great Peace. Murong Chong captured Chang’an and massacred its inhabitants. Former Qin general Qifu Guoren proclaimed himself Shepherd, a title meaning leader of the people, and established a regime at Taohan. He named the state Qin and adopted the reign title Establishing Righteousness. This was Western Qin.

Murong Chui of Yan pacified the region south of Ye and moved the capital to Ye. Yao Chang captured Fu Jian at Mount Wujian, took him to Xinping, and killed him there. That same year, Tuoba Gui, a descendant of Tuoba Shiyijian—whose name is given in the original as “Modun Tuoba Shiji Gui”—proclaimed himself king and established a regime at Shengle in Dingxiang. He named the state Wei and adopted the reign title Ascending the State. This was Later Wei, also known as Northern Wei. Tuoba Gui was later honored as Emperor Daowu.

In the Bing Xu year, Fu Pi of Former Qin was defeated by Murong Yong and fled to Dongyuan, then under the Eastern Jin. He was killed there by the Eastern Jin general Feng Gai. Fu Pi’s followers fled to Xingcheng. Fu Deng proclaimed himself emperor in eastern Long and changed the reign title to Great Beginning. Former Qin general Lü Guang proclaimed himself Shepherd and established a regime at Guzang. He named the state Liang and adopted the reign title Great Peace. This was Later Liang. Murong Chui of Yan proclaimed himself emperor at Ye and changed the reign title to Establishing Prosperity. Murong Chong was killed by the general Duan Shuiyan, and his followers submitted to Murong Chui. Murong Yong proclaimed himself emperor at Zhangzi. Yao Chang of Qin proclaimed himself emperor, moved the population to Chang’an, and changed the reign title to Establishing the Beginning.

In the Ding Hai year, the Eastern Jin made Sima Dezong crown prince and defeated Zhai Liao at Luokou. Fu Deng of Qin attacked Yao Chang from the east. Yao Chang made Qifu Guoren Prince of Yuanchuan.

In the Wu Zi year, Fu Deng of Qin attacked Yao Chang but failed to win a victory. Qifu Guoren died, and his younger brother Qifu Qian returned succeeded him. He proclaimed himself King of Henan, changed the reign title to Great Beginning, and moved the capital to Jincheng.

In the Ji Chou year, the Eastern Jin appointed Lu Na as Director of the Secretariat. A rebellion by demonic bandits broke out in Pengcheng, and Zhai Liao besieged Xingyang. Yao Chang of Qin attacked Fu Deng from the west. Lü Guang of Liang proclaimed himself King of the Three Rivers and changed the reign title to Linjia.

In the Gengyin year, the Eastern Jin defeated Zhai Liao at Huatai. Rebellion broke out in the Yongjia region, and Fu Deng of Qin attacked Yao Chang but failed to defeat him.

In the Xinhai year, the Eastern Jin appointed Wang Xun as Left Assistant (an official who helped the emperor handle state affairs) and Xie Yan as Right Assistant.

In the Renchen year, Jiang Zhe rebelled in Qingzhou. Murong Chui pacified Zhai Zhao of the Dingling people west of Huatai. Qifu Gangui of Western Qin expanded his territory, extending his power into the Ba and Long regions.

In the Guisi year, Fu Deng of Qin again attacked Yao Chang but still failed to defeat him. Yao Chang died, and his son Yao Xing succeeded him, later proclaiming himself emperor again.

The chronology in the Jing of the August Ultimate (Huangji Jingshi): In the Mao year, 2,248 years had passed since the starting point of its chronology.

In the Jiawu year, it was the twenty-second year of Emperor Xiaowu of the Eastern Jin and the tenth year of Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei. Fu Deng of Qin attacked Yao Xing but failed to defeat him and was killed in battle. Fu Deng’s son Fu Chong succeeded him, fled to Huangzhong, and proclaimed himself emperor, changing the era name to “Yanchu.” He was later destroyed by Qifu Gangui. Murong Chui of Yan pacified Murong Yong at Changzi. Yao Xing of Qin again proclaimed himself emperor, established his capital at Huaili, and changed the era name to “Huangchu.” Lü Guang of Later Liang moved his residence to Ledu.

In the Yiwei year, Murong Chui of Yan attacked Northern Wei but failed to defeat it; Northern Wei defeated the Yan army at Shugu.

In the Bingshen year, Emperor Xiaowu of the Eastern Jin died while boating on Quanchi. The crown prince, Sima Dezong, succeeded him as Emperor An. The Prince of Kuaiji, Sima Daozi, seized power. Murong Chui of Yan captured Pingcheng from Northern Wei, then died at Shanggu. His son Murong Bao succeeded him and changed the era name to “Yongkang.” Northern Wei captured Taiyuan, took Bingzhou from Yan, and besieged Zhongshan. Northern Wei proclaimed an emperor and changed the era name to “Huangshi.” Lü Guang of Later Liang proclaimed himself Heavenly King and changed the era name to “Longfei.”

In the Dingyou year, the Eastern Jin changed its era name to “Long’an.” Wang Gong of Yanzhou, Yu Kai of Yuzhou, and Wang Qin of Wu Commandery each rebelled from their fortified cities. Murong Bao of Yan fled north to Longcheng. Murong Xiang proclaimed himself emperor at Zhongshan; after Murong Pulin killed him, Pulin took his place. Murong Helin entered Zhongshan from Dingling, killed Murong Pulin, and took his place, then moved to Yecheng. Northern Wei captured Zhongshan. Lü Guang of Later Liang attacked Western Qin and moved again, from Jincheng to Yuanchuan. Lü Guang’s general Tufa Wugu proclaimed himself king, established his capital at Lianchuan, named his state Liang, and changed the era name to “Taichu.” This was Southern Liang. Another of Lü Guang’s generals, Juqu Mengxun, installed Duan Ye as governor and stationed him at Zhangye. He named the state Liang and changed the era name to “Shenxi.” This was Northern Liang.

In the Wuxu year, the Eastern Jin launched a northern campaign, but its army was defeated by Yan forces at Guancheng. Wang Gong of Yanzhou, Yu Kai of Yuzhou, Yin Zhongkan of Jingzhou, and Huan Xuan of Guangzhou raised troops in rebellion…

The army at Jianye, the Eastern Jin capital (modern Nanjing), defeated the Inner Division at Baishi. The court appointed Prince Sima Daozi of Kuaiji to oversee military and civil affairs.

The Yellow Battle-Axe Mystic Master (the Eastern Jin army) was defeated and fled to Xunyang. Du Jiong launched a rebellion at Jingkou.

Murong Bao of Yan led a southern campaign, but turned back after reaching Liyang. Lan Han killed Murong Bao, declared himself ruler at Longcheng, took the title Prince of Changli, and changed the era name.

Murong Sheng, Murong Bao’s son, killed Lan Han, took the title of king, and changed the era name to Jianping. He later proclaimed himself emperor and changed the era name to Changle. After the Wei army captured Ye, Murong De, Prince of Fanyang, fled south from Ye to Huatai, took the title of king, and changed the era name. The regime he established afterward was called Southern Yan. The Wei army captured Ye and Xindu in Yan, changed the era name to Tianxing, and moved its capital from Shengle to Pingcheng.

Tufa Wugu of Liang captured Jincheng and defeated Lü Guang at Jieting, then declared himself Heavenly King of Wuwei.

In the year jihai, Yao Xing of Qin captured Luoyang from the Eastern Jin; Murong De of Yan captured Qingzhou from the Eastern Jin; Yang Sheng of Qiuchi submitted to the Eastern Jin as a vassal; and the rebels led by Sun En captured Kuaiji. The Eastern Jin sent Xie Yan and Liu Laozhi to suppress Sun En, and Liu Yu began taking part in military and civil affairs. Yao Xing of Qin relinquished the title of emperor, took the title of king, and changed the era name to Hongshi. The Wei army advanced south against Huatai. Lü Guang of Liang handed power to his son Lü Shao and took the title Retired Emperor. After Lü Guang’s death, his elder brother Lü Zuan killed Lü Shao and succeeded him. Tufa Wugu of Liang moved to Ledu; after his death, his younger brother Tufa Lilugu succeeded him. Tufa Lilugu then moved the capital to Xiping and continued to depend on Yao Xing. Duan Ye of Liang took the title Heavenly King and changed the era name to Tianxi; his general Juqu Mengxun was posted to Xi’an. Murong De of Yan drove Pailü Hun out of Guanggu and moved there. Huatai, meanwhile, was captured by the Wei army.

In the year gengzi, Liu Yu of the Eastern Jin defeated Sun En at Linhai. The court appointed Yuan Xian of Yangzhou commander over sixteen provinces. Murong Sheng of Yan relinquished the title of emperor and declared himself a commoner, then inflicted a major defeat on Goguryeo. Yao Xing of Qin defeated Western Qin and captured its king, Qifu Gangui, taking him to Chang’an. Lü Zuan of Liang changed the era name to Xianning. Grand Marshal Lü Hong’s attempt to kill Lü Zuan failed. Tufa Lilugu of Liang changed the era name to Jianhe. The Liang general Li Gao declared himself governor of Qinzhou and established the state of Liang, with gengzi as its era name; this was Western Liang. Murong De of Yan proclaimed himself emperor at Guanggu and changed the era name to Jianping.

In the year xinchou, the Eastern Jin put down Sun En’s rebellion, and Liu Yu was posted to Xiap’i. Duan Ji, a general of Murong Sheng of Yan, launched a coup in which Murong Sheng was killed. Murong Xi, Murong Sheng’s uncle, killed Duan Ji, proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the era name.

In the early years of the Yuanguang era, Yao Xing of Qin released Qifu Qiangu and allowed him to return to Yuanchuan.

Lü Chao of Liang killed his ruler, Lü Zuan, and installed Lü Zuan’s elder brother, Lü Long, on the throne, changing the era name to Shending. Lü Long submitted as a vassal to Yao Xing. Tufa Lilugu of Liang proclaimed himself King of Xihe. Liang’s general Juqu Mengxun marched from Xian, entered Guzang, killed Duan Ye, and took his place as ruler, changing the era name to Yong’an.

In the year Renyin, the Jin dynasty changed its era name to Yuanxing. Huan Xuan, a powerful minister of the Eastern Jin, occupied Jingzhou and raised his banners at Xiakou. Under the pretext of campaigning against Yangzhou, he appointed Yuan Xian as General of the Golden Axe. After Yuan Xian’s defeat, Huan Xuan entered Jiankang and declared himself Attendant-in-Chief and Chancellor, taking charge of the affairs of the Secretariat. He also assumed the title of Grand Commandant and took control of the government. He killed the commander Yuan Xian and Sima Daozi, Prince of Kuaiji, appointed Sima Dewen, Prince of Langya, as Grand Minister, and changed the era name to Daheng.

Liu Gui rebelled against Qin in Jizhou. After gaining merit in campaigning against Lü Guang, Yao Xing sent troops to resist Northern Wei but failed to prevail. Northern Wei defeated the Qin army at Mengkeng. Tufa Lilugu of Liang died, and his younger brother Tufa Rutan succeeded him, changed the era name to Hongchang, and moved the capital to Ledu. Juqu Mengxun of Liang submitted as a vassal to Yao Xing.

In the year Guimao, the Jin court bestowed the Nine Bestowals on Huan Xuan, the extraordinary honors granted by ancient emperors to powerful ministers. It honored him as Chancellor of State and King of Chu, and permitted him to use the emperor’s carriages, robes, and ceremonial retinue. Huan Xuan issued commands on his own authority, moved the emperor to Yong’an Palace, demoted him to Prince of Pinggu, and then transferred him to Xunyang. He changed the state’s name to Chu and the era name to Yongshi.

In the year Jiachen, the Jin emperor was still in Xunyang. Liu Yu, a general of the Eastern Jin, raised an army with Liu Yi of Pei Commandery, He Wuji of Donghai, and troops from two provinces. He decisively defeated Huan Xuan’s forces at Jingkou, then defeated Huan Xuan’s subordinate Huan Hong at Guangling, Wu Fuzhi at Jiangcheng, and Huangfu Fu at Luoluo. Huan Xuan forced the emperor to flee to Jiangling. Liu Yu then defeated Huan Xuan’s army at Penkou. Huan Xuan again forced the emperor to travel eastward, but Liu Yu defeated his forces at Zhengrong Islet and then won another victory at Fuzhou Mountain. Liu Yu went on to escort the emperor into Jiangling. Huan Xuan’s forces were defeated, and he was killed at Meihuai Islet. His subordinate Huan Zhen later captured Jiangling and placed the emperor under house arrest.

Qiao Zong rebelled in Chengdu and proclaimed himself king. Yao Xing of Qin captured twelve commanderies, made peace with the Jin dynasty, and sent tribute. Northern Wei changed its era name to Tianci. Lü Long of Liang took refuge with Yao Xing, and Liang fell. Tufa Rutan of Liang abandoned his era name and asked Yao Xing to return Guzang to him. Murong De of Yan died, and his brother’s son Murong Chao succeeded him.

In the year Yisi, the Jin dynasty suppressed Huan Zhen’s rebellion. The emperor returned from Jiangling to Jiankang and changed the era name to Yixi. Liu Yu was appointed Commander of All Military Affairs Within and Without and Director of the Secretariat, then returned to garrison Dantu.

Tufa Rutan of Southern Liang (a regime founded by the Tufa clan), on the orders of Yao Xing, moved to Guzang. Murong Chao of Yan changed his era name to Taishang; Li Gao of Liang moved to Jiuquan, changed the era name to Jianchu, and declared allegiance to Jin. In the Bingwu year, the Jin army attacked Shu and defeated Qiao Zong at Baidi City. Kong Anguo served as Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs; General-in-Chief Liu Yu opened a staff office at Jingkou (establishing a general’s headquarters to handle military and administrative affairs). Yang Sheng of Chouchi declared allegiance to Yan. Three generals under Murong Chao fled to Jin. Feng Ba, a general under Murong Xi of Yan, killed Murong Xi and installed Murong Yun; Murong Yun restored the surname Gao, took the title of king, and changed the era name to Zhengshi. Helian Bobo, a general under Yao Xing of Qin, proclaimed himself Heavenly King at Shuofang, with the state name Xia and the era name Longsheng.

In the Dingwei year, Jin general Liu Yu came to court and killed Yin Zhongwen, governor of Dongyang; Yin Shuwen, Nanman Colonel; Yin Daoshu, governor of Jinling; and Luo Qiu, governor of Yongjia. Yao Xing attacked Tufa Rutan and Helian Bobo. Qifu Qiangui again proclaimed himself king at Yuanchuan and changed the era name to Gengshi. Tufa Rutan of Liang attacked Juqu Mengxun and Helian Bobo.

In the Wushen year, Liu Yu came to court and took overall control of the government; he defeated Murong Chao at Linqu in the north, crossed Daxian Mountain, and advanced to besiege Guanggu. Wei fell into internal disorder; afterward, Wanrencheng and his son Shen killed the Wei ruler Tuoba Gui. Tuoba Gui’s second son Tuoba Shao then killed Wanrencheng and his son Shen, made himself ruler, and became Emperor Ming of Wei. (Wei histories record that Tuoba Gui was killed by Lady He and his son Tuoba Shao.) Qifu Qiangui of Qin attacked Yao Xing to the south; Tufa Rutan of Liang again proclaimed himself king at Guzang and changed the era name to Jiaping; Helian Bobo of Xia moved south to attack Yao Xing.

In the Jiyou year, Liu Yu destroyed Southern Yan and moved Murong Chao to Jianye. Later Yan fell into internal disorder; Feng Ba, with the help of his trusted associate Li Ban, killed Murong Yun, took his place and proclaimed himself Heavenly King, changed the era name to Taiping, and founded Northern Yan. Wei changed its era name to Yongxing. Qifu Qiangui of Qin pacified Baohan; Helian Bobo of Xia attacked Yao Xing.

In the Gengxu year, the rebel in Jin territory Lu Xun led troops to invade Jianye, and Liu Yu decisively defeated Lu Xun. Lu Xun fled to Xunyang and was again defeated by Liu Yu at Yuzhang. Liu Yu was granted the yellow battle-axe (a ceremonial symbol of supreme military command). The Shu army captured Badong. Qifu Qiangui of Qin was killed by his nephew Qifu Gongfu; his son Qifu Chipan executed Qifu Gongfu, made himself ruler, and changed the era name to Yongkang. Juqu Mengxun of Liang attacked Li Gao and won a victory; Helian Bobo of Xia attacked Yao Xing but failed to win.

In the Xinhai year, Liu Yu of the Jin dynasty (here referring to the Eastern Jin) marched south to attack Lu Xun. Lu Xun fled to Jiaozhou and later died. Liu Yi occupied Jiangling and rebelled, while Juqu Mengxun of Liangzhou attacked Tufa Rutan and won a military victory. Helian Bobo of the Xia kingdom attacked Yao Xing of Later Qin but failed to capture him.

In the Renzi year, Liu Yu executed Liu Fan and Xie Kun, then put down Liu Yi’s rebellion in Jiangling. Tufa Rutan of Liangzhou moved his residence to Ledu, and Guzang was captured by Juqu Mengxun. After taking Guzang from Tufa Rutan, Mengxun moved there, proclaimed himself King of Xihe, and changed the era name to Xuanshi.

In the Guichou year, the Jin general Zhu Lingshi pacified the region of Shu. Northern Wei changed its era name to Shenrui and established a marriage alliance with Yao Xing of Later Qin. The Later Qin general Qifu Chibai defeated the Tuyuhun at Jiaohé. Tufa Rutan of Liangzhou attacked Juqu Mengxun but suffered setbacks. The Xia kingdom changed its era name to Fengxiang and built Tongwan City.

In the Jiayin year, Qifu Chibai of Later Qin destroyed Southern Liang and killed Tufa Rutan.

In the Yimao year, Sima Xiuzhi, governor of Jingzhou under Jin, and Lu Zongzhi, governor of Yongzhou, rebelled against Liu Yu. Liu Yu defeated them and drove them out of Jiangling. Liu Mu was appointed Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs. Yao Xing of Later Qin died, and his son Yao Hong succeeded him. Yao Xing’s younger brother Yao Bi launched a rebellion but failed. Northern Wei changed its era name to Taichang.

In the Bingchen year, Liu Yu launched a northern campaign against Later Qin, captured Luoyang, and continued his advance toward Tong Pass. The court granted Liu Yu the Nine Bestowments—a special honor bestowed by an emperor on a high-ranking minister—put him in charge of the government, and enfeoffed him as Duke of Song. Yao Hong of Later Qin changed the era name to Yonghe. Luoyang fell to the Jin army. Yao Yi and Yao Hui rebelled within Later Qin, and their troops advanced toward Chang’an; Yao Shao put down their revolt. Qifu Chibai captured Juqu Mengxun’s strongholds in the He-Huang region. Helian Bobo of Xia captured Yinmi from Later Qin.

In the Dingsi year, Liu Yu pacified Chang’an and destroyed Later Qin, capturing Yao Hong and taking him back to the Eastern Jin. He left his son Liu Yizhen to defend Chang’an. Liu Yu was elevated to King of Song. Northern Wei attacked the Eastern Jin from the north but was defeated by Jin forces at Hequ. Li Gao of Liang died, and his son Li Xin succeeded him, changing the era name to Jiaxing.

In the Wuwu year, Liu Yu murdered the Eastern Jin emperor Sima Dezong and installed his younger brother, the Prince of Langya, Sima Dewen, who became Emperor Gong of Jin. Chang’an was captured by Xia. Li Xin of Liang acknowledged the Eastern Jin as his suzerain. Helian Bobo, king of Xia, captured Chang’an, which had been under Eastern Jin control, proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the era name to Changwu.

In the Jiwei year, the Eastern Jin changed its era name to Yuanxi. Liu Yu, King of Song, entered the court from Yangzhou and used the carriages, clothing, and ceremonial objects of the Son of Heaven. Qifu Chibai changed the era name to Jianhong. Helian Bobo, king of Xia, returned to live in Tongwan City and changed the era name to Zhenxing.

In the Gengshen year, Liu Yu accepted the Jin dynasty’s abdication in Yangzhou and established the Song dynasty. This was the dynastic transition under Emperor Wu of Song. The Song changed its era name to Yongchu and demoted Emperor Gong of Jin, Sima Dewen, making him Prince of Lingling.

In the Xinyou year, Sima Dewen, the Song dynasty’s Prince of Lingling, died.

In the Renxu year, Liu Yu, Emperor Wu of Song, died, and his son Liu Yifu succeeded him. Wei forces attacked Huatai, a city of the Song.

In the Guihai year, the Song changed its era name to Jingping. Wei forces attacked Jinyong Fortress, a city of the Song. Emperor Ming of Wei, Tuoba Shao, died, and his son Tuoba Tao succeeded him. He was later known as Emperor Taiwu of Wei. Juqu Mengxun of Liang destroyed Western Liang, captured Li Xin, and took him back to Guzang.

According to the Jingshi, the recorded sexagenary years reach a total of 2,249 by this point.

In the Jiazi year, the second year of Emperor Liu Yifu’s reign, the ministers Xu Xianzhi and Fu Liang staged a coup, killed Liu Yifu, and installed his younger brother Liu Yilong as emperor. He was later known as Emperor Wen of Song. The Song moved its capital back to Jianye and changed its era name to Yuanjia. This was the first year of Emperor Taiwu of Wei’s reign, and Wei changed its era name to Shiguang.

In the Yichou year, Emperor Wu of Wei appointed Cui Hao as chancellor. Helian Bobo, ruler of Xia, died, and his son Helian Chang succeeded him, changing the era name to Chengxian.

In the Bingyin year, Emperor Wen of Song executed the powerful ministers Xu Xianzhi and Fu Liang. Xie Hui rebelled in Jingzhou but was later defeated. Wei forces captured Chang’an, the capital of Xia.

In the Dingmao year, Wei forces advanced west and defeated Xia, capturing Helian Chang.

In the Wuchen year, Wei changed its era name to Shenshe. Emperor Taiwu of Wei defeated Xia forces at Tongwan, captured Helian Chang, and took him back. Wei expanded its territory three thousand li to the northwest. Qifu Chipan, ruler of Qin, died, and his son Qifu Mumocheng succeeded him, changing the era name to Yonghong. Juqu Mengxun of Liang changed the era name to Chengxuan. Wei forces captured Tongwan, the capital of Xia. Helian Ding, Helian Bobo’s younger brother, succeeded him, moved the capital to Pingliang, and changed the era name to Shengguang.

In the Jisi year.

In the Gengwu year, Wei forces captured Jinyong Fortress, a city of the Song. Feng Ba, ruler of Yan, died. His younger brother Feng Hong killed Feng Ba’s son Feng Yi, took power, and changed the era name to Taixing. Wei forces captured Luoyang, a city of the Song. Juqu Mengxun of Liang changed the era name to Yihe. Helian Ding of Xia attacked Qifu Mumocheng, ruler of Qin.

In the Xinwei year, Wei forces captured Huatai, a city of the Song. Xia destroyed Western Qin at Yuanchuan and captured its ruler, Qifu Mumocheng. Wei destroyed Xia at Pingliang and captured its ruler, Helian Ding.

In the Renshen year, Xie Lingyun of the Song was executed in Guangzhou. Wei changed its era name to Yanhe, and Liaoxi submitted to Wei.

In the Guiyou year, Xie Huilian of the Song died. Juqu Mengxun of Liang died, and his son Juqu Mujian succeeded him, changing the era name to Yonghe.

In the Jiaxu year, Wei expanded its territory southward as far as Hanzhong.

In the Yihai year, Wei changed its era name to Taiyan.

In the Bingzi year, the State of Song put Tan Daoji to death. The State of Wei destroyed Northern Yan and captured Feng Hong in western Liaoning.

The Dingchou, Wuyin, and Jimao years saw no major events recorded. In the Jimao year, Wei destroyed Northern Liang, captured Juqu Mujian at Guzang, and took him back to Wei.

In the Gengchen year, Wei changed its reign era to Taiping Zhenjun. During this period, Song and Wei were respectively known as the Southern Dynasties and the Northern Dynasties.

The Xinsi, Renwu, and Guiwei years saw no major events recorded. In the Guiwei year, Wei captured Chouchi.

The Jiashen and Yiyou years saw no major events recorded. In the Bingxu year, Wei destroyed Buddhist statues and facilities. “Image teaching” was another name for Buddhism. In the Dinghai year, Wei conquered Chang’an.

The Wuzi and Jichou years saw no major events recorded. In the Gengyin year, Wei expanded southward as far as the Jiang-Huai region. It then exterminated the three branches of Chancellor Cui Hao’s family: his father’s, his mother’s, and his wife’s.

In the Xinmao year, Wei changed its reign era to Zhengping and sent troops against Song, advancing as far as Guabu. In the Renchen year, Wei was swept by internal turmoil. The palace attendant Zong Ai killed Emperor Wu of Wei and installed Tuoba Yu, Prince of Nan’an, as emperor. Tuoba Yu changed the reign era to Chengping, but Zong Ai then killed him as well. The ministers enthroned Tuoba Jun, the grandson of Emperor Wu of Wei. He was Emperor Wencheng and changed the reign era to Xing’an. Emperor Wencheng exterminated Zong Ai’s three family branches and appointed Yuan Shoule as Grand Preceptor and Commander of All Military Affairs Inside and Outside the Court, also placing him in charge of the Secretariat.

In the Guisi year, Song was beset by internal turmoil. The crown prince, Liu Shao, killed Emperor Wen of Song, declared himself emperor, and changed the reign era to Taichu. Emperor Wen’s youngest son, Liu Jun, Prince of Wuling, declared himself emperor at Xinting, captured Jiankang, and executed Liu Shao and two other rebels. He changed the reign era to Jianwu and became Emperor Xiaowu of Song.

The chronological record of the Jing Era reaches this point at 2,250 years.

In the Jiawu year, the second year of Emperor Xiaowu of Song’s reign and the third year of Emperor Wencheng of Wei’s reign, Wei changed its reign era to Xingguang. In the Yiwei year, Wei changed its reign era to Ta’an. No major events were recorded in the Bingshen year. In the Dingyou year, Song changed its reign era to Daming. No major events were recorded in the Wuxu and Jihai years. In the Gengzi year, Wei changed its reign era to Heping. No major events were recorded in the Xinchou, Renyin, and Guimao years.

In the Jiachen year, Emperor Xiaowu of Song died, and the crown prince, Liu Ziye, succeeded him, changing the reign era to Yongguang. In the Yisi year, Song changed its reign era to Jinghe. Liu Ziye ruled in a disorderly and tyrannical manner, and the minister Shou Jizhi killed him and enthroned Liu Yu, Prince of Xiangdong. Liu Yu changed the reign era to Taishi and became Emperor Ming of Song. Emperor Wencheng of Wei died, and his crown prince, Tuoba Hong, succeeded him, becoming Emperor Xianwen.

In the Bingwu year, Liu Zixun, Prince of Jin’an of Song, raised a rebellion at Xunyang and proclaimed himself emperor, but was later defeated. The Song court designated Liu Yu as crown prince. Wei forces invaded, changed the reign era to Tian’an, and seized all of Song’s territory north of the Yangtze River. Yihun, Grand Chancellor of Wei, plotted rebellion and was executed.

In the Dingwei year, Wei changed its reign era to Huangxing. No major events were recorded in the Wushen year.

The years of the Earth Rooster and the Metal Dog.

In the year of the Metal Pig, Emperor Xianwen of Wei passed the throne to Crown Prince Hong, who became Emperor Xiaowen. Tuoba Hong (Emperor Xianwen of Wei) styled himself Retired Emperor and changed the era name to Yanxing.

In the year of the Water Rat, the Song changed its era name to Taiyu. Emperor Ming died after misgoverning, and Crown Prince Liu Yu succeeded him.

In the year of the Water Ox, the Song changed its era name to Yuanhui.

In the year of the Wood Tiger, Liu Xiufan, Prince of Guiyang of the Song, rebelled from his base in Jiangzhou and led troops against Jiankang (present-day Nanjing). Xiao Daocheng, General of the Right Guard, put down the rebellion.

In the year of the Wood Rabbit, the Wei changed its era name to Chengming.

In the year of the Fire Dragon, Liu Jingsu, Prince of Jianping of the Song, plotted to kill Xiao Daocheng, but failed. Xiao Daocheng was promoted to Grand Minister of War and concurrently appointed Director of the Secretariat, taking charge of court affairs. Empress Dowager Feng of the Wei killed the Retired Emperor Tuoba Hong.

In the year of the Fire Snake, the Song court fell into turmoil. Xiao Daocheng killed Emperor Liu Yu and demoted him to Prince of Cangwu. He installed Liu Zhun, son of Emperor Ming, on the throne and changed the era name to Shengming. Xiao Daocheng was granted the yellow battle-axe, a symbol of supreme military and civil authority, and styled himself Duke of Qi, taking control of the government. He then changed the era name to Taihe.

The years of the Earth Horse and the Earth Sheep.

In the year of the Earth Sheep, Xiao Daocheng, chancellor of the Song, was elevated to prince. That year, at Jiankang, he received the Song court’s order of abdication, replaced the Song, and established the Qi dynasty. He changed the state name to Qi and the era name to Jianyuan, and was given the temple name Taizu. He made his son Xiao Ze Crown Prince, demoted the former emperor Liu Zhun to Prince of Ruyin, and later had him killed.

The years of the Metal Monkey and the Metal Rooster.

In the year of the Water Dog, Emperor Gao of Qi, Xiao Daocheng, died. Crown Prince Xiao Ze succeeded him as Emperor Wu of Qi. He made his son Xiao Mao Crown Prince and attacked Wei territory in Huainan.

In the year of the Water Pig, the Qi changed its era name to Yongming.

This was the 2,251st year of the “Noon of Ordering the World.”

In the year of the Wood Rat, Emperor Wu of Qi was in the second year of his reign, and Emperor Xiaowen of Wei in the thirteenth.

The years of the Wood Ox, the Fire Tiger, the Fire Rabbit, the Earth Dragon, the Earth Snake, the Metal Horse, and the Metal Sheep.

In the year of the Water Monkey, the Wei sent troops to attack the Rouran.

In the year of the Water Rooster, Emperor Wu of Qi died. His Crown Prince Xiao Mao had also died, so his grandson Xiao Zhaoye succeeded to the throne.

In the year of the Wood Dog, the Qi changed its era name to Longchang. In the fifth month, Xiao Luan, Prince of Xichang, staged a coup, killed the emperor, and demoted him to Prince of Yulin. He installed the emperor’s younger brother Xiao Zhaowen and changed the era name to Yanxing. Xiao Luan took up the yellow battle-axe, styled himself Prince of Xuancheng, and assumed control of affairs inside and outside the court, monopolizing power. In the tenth month, Xiao Luan deposed Xiao Zhaowen, made him Prince of Hailing, and then had him killed. Xiao Luan took the throne himself as Emperor Ming of Qi and changed the era name to Jianwu. He made his son Xiao Baojuan Crown Prince. The Wei launched a major invasion of Qi.

In the year of the Wood Pig, the Qi carried out widespread killings of members of the imperial clan. That year, the Wei moved its capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang and adopted the rites and music of the Central Plains.

In the year bingzi, the Wei state changed its imperial surname to Yuan.

In the year dingchou.

In the year wuyin, the Qi state changed its reign title to Yongtai. Emperor Ming, Xiao Luan, died, and the crown prince Xiao Baojuan succeeded him. Wei forces attacked the Qi state and captured Xinye.

In the year jimao, the Qi state changed its reign title to Yongyuan and made Xiao Song crown prince. Emperor Xiaowen of Wei died, and his son Yuan Ke succeeded him, taking the title Emperor Xuanwu. Prince of Pengcheng Yuan Xie received the emperor’s final charge and assisted in governing the state.

In the year gengchen, Cui Huijing of Qi raised a rebellion at Guangling and led troops to attack Jianye; Xiao Yi put down the revolt. Xiao Baojuan killed Xiao Yi. Xiao Yan rose in revolt at Xiangyang, and Xiao Lai rose in revolt in Jingzhou. The Wei state changed its reign title to Jingming. Prince of Pengcheng Yuan Xie captured Shouchun from Qi.

In the year xinsi, Xiao Yan of Qi installed Xiao Baorong, Prince of Nankang, as emperor at Jiangling and sent troops to besiege the Taicheng. The people of Qi killed Xiao Baojuan and welcomed Xiao Baorong into Jianye. He took the title Emperor He and changed the reign title to Zhongxing. Xiao Yan was appointed chancellor and Minister of Works, granted the Nine Bestowments and the Yellow Battle-Axe, and placed in charge of the affairs of the Secretariat. He took power into his own hands. He deposed Xiao Baojuan and demoted him to the title of Marquis of Donghun. Xiao Baoyin fled to Wei.

In the year renwu, Qi granted Xiao Yan the Nine Bestowments and made him Prince of Liang. In the fourth month, Xiao Yan accepted Qi’s abdication at Jianye, took the title Emperor Wu, changed the state’s name to Liang, and changed the reign title to Tianjian. He made his son Xiao Tong crown prince. He demoted the former Qi emperor Xiao Baorong to Prince of Baling and later had him killed at Gushu.

In the year guiwei.

In the year jiashen, the Wei state changed its reign title to Zhengshi.

In the year yiyou.

In the year bingxu.

In the year dinghai, forty foreign regimes in the east and west paid tribute to Wei.

In the year wuzi, the Wei state changed its reign title to Yongping and killed Grand Preceptor Yuan Xie.

In the year jichou, twenty-four Rong and Yi regimes paid tribute to Wei.

In the year gengyin.

In the year xinmao, twenty-nine foreign regimes in the east and west paid tribute to Wei.

In the year renchen, the Wei state changed its reign title to Yanchang.

In the year guisi.

The chronology recorded in the Huangji Jingshi ends here, spanning a total of 2,252 years.

In the year jiawu, it was the thirteenth year of Emperor Wu of Liang’s reign and the fifteenth year of Emperor Wu of Wei’s reign.

In the year yiwei, Emperor Xuanwu of Wei died, and the crown prince Yuan Xu succeeded him, taking the title Emperor Xiaoming. Empress Dowager Hu governed from court, with Liu Teng and Yuan Yi assisting in state affairs.

In the year bingshen, the Wei state changed its reign title to Xiping.

In the year dingyou.

In the year wuxu, the Wei state changed its reign title to Shen’gui.

In the year jihai.

In the year gengzi, Liang changed its reign title to Putong. Wei changed its reign title to Zhengguang and confined Empress Dowager Ling, Hu, in the Northern Palace.

In the year xinchou.

In the year renyin.

In the year guimao.

In the year jiachen.

In the year Yisi, the Wei state changed its era name to Xiaochang. Chancellor Liu Teng and Yuan Yi were dismissed for their crimes and reduced to commoner status. People went to the Northern Palace to welcome Empress Dowager Hu back, and she resumed governing. Rebellions and unrest broke out around Zhongshan and Shanggu.

In the year Bingwu.

In the year Dingwei, Emperor Wu of Liang, Xiao Yan, became a monk at Tongtai Temple and changed the era name to Datong. Rebellions and unrest broke out across the commanderies of Wei.

In the year Wushen, Wei changed its era name to Wutai. Empress Dowager Hu killed Emperor Yuan Xu and installed an emperor whose name was not recorded. Grand Commander Erzhu Rong marched from Taiyuan into the capital. He killed the unnamed emperor, Empress Dowager Hu, and the princes and high ministers gathered around Heyin. He then installed the Prince of Changle, Yuan You, as emperor; this was Emperor Zhuang. The era name was first changed to Jianyi and later to Yong’an. Erzhu Rong was appointed Commander of All Military Affairs Inside and Outside the Realm. He declared himself Prince of Taiyuan, returned to Jinyang, and took control of the government.

In the year Jiyou, Liang changed its era name to Zhongdatong. Xiao Yan became a monk at Tongtai Temple again. His ministers ransomed him with money, and he then handed back political authority. Yuan Hao entered Luoyang from Liang and declared himself emperor, changing the era name to Jianwu. He moved Yuan You to Hebei. Erzhu Rong marched from Jinyang, drove Yuan Hao out, and brought Yuan You back to resume governing.

In the year Gengxu, Emperor Yuan You of Wei killed Erzhu Rong inside the palace at Luoyang. Erzhu Zhao marched from Jinyang, moved Yuan You to Hedong, and killed him. Erzhu Shilong installed the Prince of Guangchang, Yuan Ye, as emperor at Zhangzi and changed the era name to Jianming.

In the year Xinhai, Xiao Tong, heir apparent to Emperor Wu of Liang, died, and Prince Xiao Gang of Jin’an was made heir apparent. Erzhu Zhao deposed Yuan Ye and installed Yuan Ziqiong, Prince of Huiling, as emperor at Luoyang. This was Emperor Jiemin, and the era name was changed to Putai. Erzhu Zhao returned to Jinyang to defend it. Gao Huan, governor of Jizhou, raised an army at Xindu and installed Yuan Lang, son of the Prince of Zhangwu and governor of Bohai, as emperor, changing the era name to Zhongxing. Gao Huan declared himself chancellor.

In the year Renzi, Gao Huan captured Yecheng by surprise and defeated Erzhu Zhao at Hanling. After pacifying Bingzhou, he marched south toward Luoyang. He deposed Yuan Ziqiong and killed him, then deposed Yuan Lang at Heyang and killed him. At Luoyang, he deposed the Prince of Pingyang, Yuan Xiu, and changed the era name to Taichang, later changing it again to Yongxi. Gao Huan returned to Yecheng to defend it and took control of the government. Erzhu Zhao fled to Xiurong, where he later died. Yuan Xiu ascended the throne as emperor; this was Emperor Wu.

In the year Guichou, Gao Huan pacified the Erzhu clan.

In the year Jiayin, Gao Huan entered Luoyang, and Emperor Yuan Xiu of Wei fled west to Chang’an. Gao Huan installed Yuan Shanjian, son of the Prince of Qinghe, as emperor; this was Emperor Jing, and the era name was changed to Tianping. Gao Huan then moved 400,000 households from Luoyang to Yecheng, making it the capital. From this point, the Wei state was divided, forming Eastern Wei.

Gao Huan garrisoned Taiyuan and took charge of military affairs inside and outside the court, wielding sole authority. Yuwen Tai deposed Yuan Xiu and had him killed in Chang’an, then installed Yuan Baoju, Prince of Nanyang, as emperor. He became Emperor Wen of Western Wei and changed the era name to Datong. Yuwen Tai took charge of military affairs inside and outside the court, wielding sole authority.

In the year Yimao, Liang changed its era name to Datong.

In the year Bingchen, Hou Jing became Right Vice Director of the Chancellery and Southern Circuit Inspector for Eastern Wei.

In the year Dingsi, Yuwen Tai of Western Wei inflicted a crushing defeat on Gao Huan’s Eastern Wei army at Shayuan.

In the year Wuwu, Eastern Wei changed its era name to Yuanxiang. Gao Huan inflicted a crushing defeat on Yuwen Tai’s Western Wei army at Luoyang.

In the year Jiwei, Eastern Wei changed its era name to Xinghe.

In the years Gengshen, Xinyou, and Renxu.

In the year Guihai, Eastern Wei changed its era name to Wuding. Gao Huan inflicted a crushing defeat on Yuwen Tai’s Western Wei army at Mangshan, then captured Luoyang.

The 2,253rd year of the Shen cycle in The Classic of the Supreme Ultimate.

Year Jiazi: the forty-third year of Emperor Wu of Liang, the eleventh year of Emperor Wen of Western Wei, and the eleventh year of Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei.

Year Yichou.

Year Bingyin: Emperor Wu of Liang made his third self-dedication at Tongtai Monastery, offering himself to the monastery in his capacity as emperor. He changed the era name to Zhongdatong. The officials and the Crown Prince all went to Tongtai Monastery to pay their respects. That night, the monastery was destroyed by fire.

Year Dingmao: Liang changed its era name to Taiqing. Gao Huan, Prince of Bohai of Eastern Wei, died at Jinyang, and his son Gao Cheng took over the affairs of state. Hou Jing rebelled against Eastern Wei, taking with him thirteen prefectures south of the Yellow River. Murong Shaozong defeated Hou Jing at Changshe. Hou Jing fled south to Shouchun, submitted to Liang, and was made Prince of Henan.

Year Wuchen: Hou Jing’s army attacked the Liang capital, Jiankang, and installed Xiao Wang, Xiao De, as emperor south of the city.

Year Jisi: Hou Jing captured the Liang palace citadel and killed Emperor Wu, Xiao Yan. He installed the Crown Prince, Xiao Gang, as emperor; he became Emperor Jianwen of Liang. Hou Jing declared himself Grand Chancellor and Commander of the Military Affairs Within and Beyond the Court, wielding sole authority. Xiao Yi, Prince of Xiangdong, established his administration at Jiangling and sent Wang Sengbian and Chen Baxian to lead troops against Hou Jing. Gao Cheng of Eastern Wei was assassinated at Jinyang. His younger brother Gao Yang returned from Yecheng to Jinyang and took over the affairs of state.

Year Gengwu: Liang changed its era name to Dabao. Hou Jing declared himself Chancellor and King of Han, and forced Xiao Gang to flee to Xizhou. Western Wei captured Anlu from Liang and seized the Hanzhong region. Gao Yang of Eastern Wei entered the court and took charge of the affairs of all officials, receiving the title Prince of Qi. In the fifth month, Gao Yang took the throne from Eastern Wei and became emperor; he was Emperor Xuan of Qi. He changed the state name to Qi and the era name to Tianbao, and demoted the former Eastern Wei emperor, Yuan Shanjian, to Prince of Zhongshan.

In the Xinwei year, Hou Jing deposed Emperor Jianwen of Liang, Xiao Gang, and then killed him. He installed Xiao Dong, Prince of Yuzhang, as emperor. Hou Jing changed the era name to Tianzheng. Before long, he deposed Xiao Dong, took the throne himself, changed the state’s name to Han, and adopted the era name Taishi. Emperor Wen of Western Wei, Yuan Baoju, died, and his son Yuan Qin succeeded him.

In the Renshen year, Xiao Yi, Prince of Xiangdong in Liang, put down Hou Jing’s rebellion. He sent his subordinate Zhu Maichen to kill Xiao Dong, then proclaimed himself emperor at Jiangling as Emperor Yuan of Liang and adopted the era name Chengsheng. He appointed Chen Baxian Grand General Who Conquers the North and Wang Sengbian Inspector of Yangzhou. Xiao Ji, Prince of Wuling, proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu, retaining the era name Tianzheng. Western Wei adopted a new era name, called the First Year.

In the Guiyou year, Liang forces suppressed the power of Xiao Ji, Prince of Wuling, in Shu. Yuwen Tai of Western Wei killed Yuan Lie, a minister in the Department of State Affairs.

In the Jiaxu year, Xiao Cha of Liang, a nephew of Emperor Yuan, led Western Wei forces in taking Jiangling. They killed Emperor Yuan of Liang and the princes. The general Chen Baxian and Wang Sengbian, Inspector of Yangzhou, installed Xiao Fangzhi, son of Emperor Yuan and Prince of Jin’an, as emperor at Xunyang. He became Emperor Gong of Liang. They then escorted the emperor back to the capital, Jianye. Wang Sengbian was appointed Grand Commandant and remained at court; Chen Baxian was appointed Minister of Works and stationed at Dantu.

Yuwen Tai of Western Wei killed the ruler Yuan Qin and installed Yuan Kuo, Prince of Qi, as emperor, changing the era name. Yuwen Tai appointed Xiao Cha to lead a southern campaign. They captured Jiangling, killed Emperor Yuan of Liang, and moved the local population to Chang’an.

In the Yihai year, Xiao Ming, Marquis of Zhenyang in Liang, entered Liang territory from Qi and reached Dongguan. After the Grand Commandant Wang Sengbian was defeated in battle, he welcomed Xiao Ming into Jianye, installed him as emperor, demoted Xiao Fangzhi to crown prince, and adopted the era name Tiancheng. Chen Baxian, Minister of Works, entered the city from Dantu, killed Wang Sengbian, deposed Xiao Ming and enfeoffed him as Duke of Jian’an, then restored Xiao Fangzhi to the throne. He adopted the era name Shaotai. Chen Baxian was appointed Minister of State and Commander of All Military Affairs Within and Beyond the Court, and took control of the government.

That same year, Xiao Cha proclaimed himself emperor at Jiangling, adopted the era name Dading, and submitted to the Yuwen clan in the north. His regime is known to history as Later Liang.

In the Bingzi year, Liang adopted the era name Taiping. Chen Baxian was appointed chancellor and defeated Qi forces along the Yangtze River. Yuwen Tai of Western Wei died, and his son Yuwen Jue succeeded him. That same year, Yuwen Jue displaced Western Wei at Chang’an and founded the Zhou dynasty. He became Emperor Min of Zhou, and his regime is known to history as Later Zhou. He renamed the state Zhou, adopted the era name First Year, and demoted the former ruler Yuan Kuo to Duke of Song.

In the Dingchou year, Chen Baxian, chancellor of Liang, was promoted to Prince of Chen. In the tenth month, Chen Baxian displaced the Liang dynasty at Jianye and proclaimed himself emperor as Emperor Wu of Chen, changing the state’s name to Chen.

The Chen dynasty adopted the era name Yongding and demoted its former ruler, Fang Zhi, to the title of Prince of Jiangyin.

Civil war broke out in Northern Zhou. Yuwen Hu, a powerful minister of the dynasty, killed its ruler, Yuwen Jue, and installed Yuwen Yu. The year was designated the first year of Emperor Ming’s reign. Yuwen Hu became Grand Minister of State and took control of government affairs.

In the year Wuyin, Xiao Zhuang of the Liang dynasty declared himself emperor in Yingzhou and sought aid from Northern Qi.

In the year Jimao, Chen Wudi, Chen Baxian, died. His nephew, Chen Qian, Prince of Linchuan, succeeded him as Emperor Wen. Chen Wendi made his son Chen Bozong crown prince. Yuwen Yu of Northern Zhou took the title “Heavenly King” and adopted the era name Wucheng. Emperor Xuan of Northern Qi, Gao Yang, died. His son Gao Yin succeeded him and ruled from Jinyang, appointing his uncles Gao Yan as Grand Preceptor and Gao Zhan as Sima. Members of the Gao imperial clan, both young and old, were killed, and their bodies were thrown into the Zhang River.

In the year Gengchen, the Chen dynasty adopted the era name Tianjia. Civil war broke out in Northern Zhou. Yuwen Hu killed its ruler, Yuwen Yu, and installed his younger brother Yuwen Yong, who became Emperor Wu. Northern Qi adopted the era name Qianming. Grand Preceptor Gao Yan killed the ruler Gao Yin and took the throne himself as Emperor Zhao, adopting the era name Huangjian.

In the year Xinsi, Northern Zhou adopted the era name Baoding. The Northern Qi emperor Gao Yan died in Jinyang. Grand Marshal Gao Zhan succeeded him, adopted the era name Taining, and became Emperor Wucheng.

In the year Renwu, Northern Qi adopted the era name Heqing and moved its capital back to Ye. Later, Xiao Cha of Southern Liang died. His son Xiao Kui succeeded him and adopted the era name Tianbao.

In the year Guiwei.

In the year Jiashen, Northern Zhou and Northern Qi fought at Luoyang.

In the year Yiyou, Gao Zhan of Northern Qi passed the throne to his son Gao Wei, who adopted the era name Tiantong.

In the year Bingxu, the Chen dynasty adopted the era name Tiankang. Chen Wendi, Chen Qian, died, and the crown prince Chen Bozong succeeded him. Chen Bozong’s half-brother Chen Xu became Director of the Secretariat and Commander of All Military Affairs, taking control of government. Northern Zhou adopted the era name Tianhe.

In the year Dinghai, the Chen dynasty adopted the era name Guangda.

In the year Wuzi, civil war broke out in the Chen dynasty. Chen Xu, Prince of Ancheng, killed the ruler Chen Bozong and took his place as Emperor Xuan.

In the year Jichou, the Chen dynasty adopted the era name Taijian and made Chen Xu’s son Chen Shubao crown prince.

In the year Gengyin, Northern Qi adopted the era name Wuping.

In the year Xinmao.

In the year Renchen, the Chen general Wu Mingche attacked Northern Qi and won military honors. Northern Zhou granted Li Yuan the title Duke of Tang, killed Yuwen Hu, Grand Minister of State and Duke of Jin, and adopted the era name Jiande.

In the year Guisi, the Chen dynasty attacked Northern Qi and won military honors.

The You year in the Jingshi chronology was the 2,254th year.

In the year Jiawu, it was the seventh year of Chen Xu’s reign as Emperor Xuan, the fifteenth year of Yuwen Yong’s reign as Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou, the tenth year of Gao Wei’s reign as Emperor Wu of Northern Qi, and the twelfth year of Xiao Kui’s reign in Southern Liang.

In the year Yiwei, Northern Zhou launched a major campaign against Northern Qi, besieging Jinzhou and Luoyang.

In the bing-shen year (576), Northern Zhou captured Pingyang and Jinyang from Northern Qi. Northern Qi resisted, but the fighting went badly, and Jinzhou fell. Northern Qi general Mu Tip’o fled to Bingzhou. When Northern Zhou forces surrounded the city, he fled again. In Ye, Northern Qi changed its era name to Longhua, and Gao Yanzong, a prince of the imperial house, proclaimed himself emperor. Bingzhou also adopted a new era name, Changde, but was soon captured again by Northern Zhou.

In the ding-you year (577), Northern Zhou forces besieged Ye, the capital of Northern Qi. Northern Qi’s Later Lord, Gao Wei, passed the throne to his son Gao Heng, adopted the era name Chengguang, and fled to Qingzhou. Gao Heng then abdicated in favor of the chancellor, Prince of Rencheng Gao Jie. Gao Jie declared himself “Heavenly King Who Guards the State.” Ye was soon captured by Northern Zhou, bringing Northern Qi to an end. Gao Wei was also captured in Qingzhou.

In the wu-xu year (578), Northern Zhou adopted the era name Xuanzheng. After conquering Northern Qi, Emperor Wu of Zhou, Yuwen Yong, died. His son Yuwen Yun succeeded him as Emperor Xuan of Zhou. Emperor Xuan appointed Yang Jian as Pillar of State and Grand Marshal, and put him in charge of Yangzhou’s military and civil administration. He also adopted the era name Tiancheng.

In the ji-hai year (579), Chen general Wu Mingche attacked Northern Zhou and was defeated at Lüliang. The whole Huainan region fell into Northern Zhou’s hands. Emperor Xuan of Zhou, Yuwen Yun, passed the throne to his son Yuwen Chan, who became Emperor Jing of Zhou. Yuwen Yun declared himself “Great Emperor Tianyuan” and adopted the era name Daxiang.

In the geng-zi year (580), Emperor Xuan of Zhou, Yuwen Yun, died. Grand Marshal Yang Jian came from Yangzhou to the court and took charge of state affairs. He received the yellow battle axe, a symbol of the emperor’s authority to wage war, and assumed command of the court’s military forces, both inside and outside the capital, concentrating power in his own hands. Yang Jian summoned six princes of the Yuwen imperial house who were serving in various regions to Chang’an and had them all killed. Rebellions then broke out across the country: Yuchi Jiong in Xiangzhou, Yuwen Zhou in Rongzhou, Shi Xun in Jianzhou, Xi Pi in Pei Commandery, Xi Renluo in Yanzhou, and Wang Qian in Yizhou. Yang Jian suppressed them one by one. He was elevated to Prince of Sui and began using the robes and ceremonial objects of the Son of Heaven. Xiao Nan of Yunzhou, however, led Yunzhou in submitting to Chen.

In the xin-chou year (581), Northern Zhou adopted the era name Dading. That year, in Chang’an, Prince of Sui Yang Jian accepted the abdication and replaced Northern Zhou, founding the Sui dynasty as Emperor Wen of Sui. He named the state Sui and adopted the era name Kaihuang. Yang Jian appointed Gao Jiong, Yu Qingze, Li Delin, Kang Shikang, Hui Yuan Yan, Zhangsun Pi, Yang Shangxi, Yang Hui, and others—ten men in all—to assist in governing. He installed Lady Dugu as empress, named his eldest son Yang Yong crown prince, and made his second son Yang Guang Prince of Jin. Yang Jian demoted Yuwen Yan, the last emperor of Northern Zhou, to Duke of Jie and later had him killed.

In the ren-yin year (582), Chen Xuan of Chen died, and his son Chen Shubao succeeded him as the Later Lord of Chen. The Sui dynasty began building a new palace on Longshou Ridge.

In the gui-mao year (583), Chen adopted the era name Zhide, and the Sui court moved into its new palace.

In the jia-chen year (584), Xiao Kui, the Later Lord of Southern Liang, went to court to pay his respects to the Sui emperor.

After the year Yisi, Xiao Kui, emperor of the Southern Liang, died, and his son Xiao Cong succeeded him.

In the year Bingwu, Liang Shiyan, Duke of Cheng, Yuwen Xin, Duke of Cheng, and Liu Fang, Duke of Shu, plotted to restore the former order in the Sui dynasty but failed and were executed. Xiao Cong of the Liang dynasty changed the reign title to “Guangyun.”

In the year Dingwei, the Chen dynasty changed its reign title to “Zhenming.” Xiao Cong of the Liang dynasty handed his state over to the Sui dynasty. Xiao Yan, Prince of Anping and Grand Tutor, and Xiao Huan, governor of Jingzhou, surrendered to the Chen dynasty.

In the year Wushen, the Sui dynasty ordered Yang Guang, Prince of Jin; Yang Jun, Prince of Qin; and Yang Su, Duke of Qinghe, to command the regional governors. They gathered 510,000 troops, divided them into eight routes, and launched a major campaign against the Chen dynasty. The Chen dynasty established a traveling administration at Shouchun, a central military and civil government for wartime.

In the year Jiyou, the Sui army destroyed the Chen dynasty and brought its last ruler, Chen Shubao, to Chang’an.

In the year Gengxu, Suzhou, Yuezhou, Raozhou, Quanzhou, Wuzhou, Le’an, Jiangshan, Yongjia, Yuhang, Jiaozhi, and other places had yet to submit. Yang Su brought them all under control.

No major events are recorded for the years Xinhai, Renzi, or Guichou.

In the year Jiayin, the Sui emperor made an eastern tour and held a Fengshan ceremony at Mount Tai, in which emperors offered sacrifices to Heaven and Earth.

No major events are recorded for the years Yimao, Bingchen, or Dingsi.

In the year Wuwu, the Sui dynasty campaigned against Goguryeo but achieved no results.

No major events are recorded for the year Jiwei.

In the year Gengshen, the Sui emperor deposed Crown Prince Yang Yong and appointed Prince of Jin Yang Guang as crown prince.

In the year Xinyou, the reign title was changed to “Renshou,” and sixteen envoys were sent to inspect the various regions.

In the year Renxu, seven ministers were ordered to establish the ritual system.

No major events are recorded for the year Guihai.

This is the Xu year in the chronological system of the Jingshi. It falls 2,255 years after the system’s starting point.

In the year Jiazi, the Sui emperor Wen, in the twenty-fourth year of his reign, died. Prince of Jin Yang Guang succeeded him as emperor, taking the title Emperor Yang of Sui, and changed the reign title to “Daye.”

No major events are recorded for the years Yichou, Bingyin, Dingmao, Wuchen, or Jisi.

In the year Jisi, Emperor Yang of Sui traveled west to the region west of the Yellow River to campaign against the Tuyuhun, reaching Fuyuanchuan.

In the year Gengwu, Emperor Yang of Sui made a tour south to Jiangdu.

In the year Xinwei, Emperor Yang of Sui made a tour north to Zhuojun.

In the year Renshen, the Sui dynasty assembled 1,203,800 people, organized them into twenty-four armies, and divided them between a left and a right wing for a major campaign against Liaodong. The campaign went badly, and nine armies were almost entirely wiped out.

In the year Guiyou, the Sui dynasty appointed Yang You, Prince of Dai, to guard Chang’an and Yang Tong, Prince of Yue, to guard the eastern capital, while Yang Hao, Prince of Qin, accompanied the emperor on the campaign against Liaodong. The Sui also massed a large army at Zhuojun, while rebels rose throughout the empire. Yang Xuangan led his existing forces in rebellion at Liyang.

In the year Jiaxu, Goguryeo asked to surrender, and the Sui army accordingly withdrew. Rebels in Fufeng proclaimed themselves emperors, rebels in Yan’an declared themselves kings, and bandits in Lishi proclaimed a Son of Heaven.

In the year Yihai, Emperor Yang of Sui made a tour north to Yanmen, where the Turks surrounded him.

In the Bingzi year, Emperor Yang of Sui made a southern tour and reached Jiangdu. One rebel force after another rose up: Li Mi rebelled in Henan, Dou Jiande in Hebei, Lin Shihong in Jiangnan, Xu Yuanlang in Shandong, Liu Wuzhou in Daibei (present-day northern Shanxi), and Xue Ju in Longyou (present-day Gansu).

In the Dingchou year, Emperor Yang of Sui was still in Jiangdu. Li Yuan, Duke of Tang, marched from Jinyang (present-day Taiyuan, Shanxi) into the Guanzhong region. In Chang’an, he installed Yang You, Prince of Dai, as emperor, honored Emperor Yang, who was in Jiangdu, from afar as Retired Emperor, and changed the era name to Yining. Li Yuan declared himself King of Tang and took control of the government. Dou Jiande proclaimed himself king in Hebei. Li Mi advanced into the Gong and Luo regions, declared himself duke, founded the state of Wei, and adopted the era name Yongping. Xue Ju proclaimed himself emperor in Longyou, founded the state of Qin, and adopted the era name Qinxing. Liang Shidu raised an army in Xiazhou (present-day northern Shaanxi); Li Gui in Liangzhou (around present-day Wuwei, Gansu); Xiao Xi in Baling (around present-day Yueyang, Hunan); Li Zitong in Hailing (around present-day Taizhou, Jiangsu); Zhu Can in Guanjun (around present-day Nanyang, Henan); Shen Faxing in Piling (around present-day Changzhou, Jiangsu); and Du Fuwei in Liyang (around present-day Hexian, Anhui).

In the fifth month of the Wuyin year, Li Yuan, King of Tang, replaced the Sui dynasty in Chang’an and founded the Tang dynasty. He became Emperor Shenyao, known as Emperor Gaozu of Tang. The state’s name was changed to Tang, and the era name became Wude. He appointed Pei Ji and Liu Wenjing as chief ministers, made his eldest son, Li Jiancheng, crown prince, and his second son, Li Shimin, Prince of Qin. He demoted the Sui emperor to Duke of the State of Xi.

That year, Yuwen Huaji assassinated Emperor Yang of Sui in Jiangdu and installed Yang Hao, Prince of Qin, as emperor, while taking control of the government himself. Later, after marching north to Weizhou, he killed Yang Hao, proclaimed himself emperor, founded the state of Xu, and adopted the era name Tianshou. He then continued north to Liaocheng. In the eastern capital, Luoyang, Wang Shichong installed Yang Tong, Prince of Yue, as emperor and changed the era name to Huangtai. Wang Shichong declared himself King of Zheng and took control of the government.

The rebel forces continued to expand across the regions. Dou Jiande took control of Hebei and established his capital at Leshou (around present-day Xianxian, Hebei). After Xue Ju died, his son Xue Rengao succeeded him. Liu Wuzhou expanded into Hedong (around present-day southwestern Shanxi), proclaimed himself emperor, founded the state of Han, and adopted the era name Tianxing. Liang Shidu took control of Shuofang, proclaimed himself emperor, founded the state of Liang, and adopted the era name Yonglong. Li Gui took control of the western lands beyond the Yellow River (around present-day Hexi Corridor), proclaimed himself emperor, founded the state of Liang, and adopted the era name Anle. Xiao Xi took control of the regions east of the Yangtze and the Lingnan area, proclaimed himself emperor, founded the state of Liang, and adopted the era name Mingfeng. Li Zitong took control of the Jiangdu region, proclaimed himself emperor, founded the state of Wu, and adopted the era name Mingzheng. Zhu Can took control of Shannan (around the present-day border between Shaanxi and Hubei), proclaimed himself emperor, founded the state of Chu, and adopted the era name Changda. Shen Faxing took control of Jiangdong, declared himself king, founded the state of Liang, and adopted the era name Yankang. Lin Shihong also proclaimed himself emperor.

Lin Shihong occupied Qianzhou, founded the state of Chu, and adopted the era name Taiping. Du Fuwei submitted to the Tang and was enfeoffed as Prince of Chu. Prince Li Shimin of Qin pacified Longyou and captured Xue Renguo.

In the year of the Earth Hare, Prince Li Shimin of Qin pacified Hexi and captured Li Gui. Li Mi was defeated in battle against Wang Shichong and fled to the Tang court. He later rebelled, and ultimately died at Xinggong Ridge. Xu Shiji led ten commanderies in Henan in submitting to Dou Jiande. Dou Jiande destroyed Yuwen Huaji at Liaocheng and proclaimed himself emperor, but controlled only the territory around Liyang. He named his state Xia and adopted the era name Wufeng. Xiao Xian destroyed Lin Shihong at Qianzhou. Du Fuwei retreated south to defend Jiangdu. Li Zitong moved west and occupied Jiangling. In the Eastern Capital, Wang Shichong killed Yang Tong, Prince of Yue, proclaimed himself emperor, named his state Zheng, and adopted the era name Kaiming. Zhu Can submitted to the Tang, then killed Tang envoys and fled to Wang Shichong.

In the year of the Metal Dragon, Prince Li Shimin of Qin pacified Hedong, and Liu Wuzhou fled to the Turks. In Jiangdong, Li Zitong destroyed Shen Faxing and moved to Yuhang. Dugu Huai’en, Minister of Works, was executed for plotting rebellion.

In the year of the Metal Snake, Prince Li Shimin of Qin pacified Henan and Hebei, captured Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande, and sent them back to the Tang. At Yuhang, Du Fuwei destroyed Li Zitong. Dou Jiande’s general Liu Heita then raised an army in Hebei.

In the year of the Water Horse, the Tang general Li Jing destroyed Xiao Xian at Jinling, and the regions of Jiangnan and Lingnan were pacified.

In the year of the Water Goat, Prince Li Shimin of Qin pacified Hebei and captured Liu Heita. He also pacified Xu Yuanlang at Caozhou. Du Fuwei came to court. His general Fu Gongshi proclaimed himself king at Dantu and named his state Song.

In the year of the Wood Monkey, the Tang general Li Jing pacified Fu Gongshi in the Jianghuai region.

In the year of the Wood Rooster, the Tang court appointed Prince Li Shimin of Qin concurrently as Director of the Secretariat.

In the year of the Fire Dog, Crown Prince Li Jiancheng and Prince Li Yuanji of Qi launched a coup in an attempt to kill Prince Li Shimin of Qin, but failed. At Xuanwu Gate, Li Shimin, together with Changsun Wuji, Yuchi Jingde, Hou Junji, Zhang Gongjin, Wang Junkuo, Fang Xuanling, Du Ruhui, Changsun Shunde, Chai Shao, Luo Yi, Liu Shixuan, Li Shiji, Liu Hongji, Wang Xiaogong, and others, put down the coup. Emperor Gaozu of Tang then abdicated in favor of Prince Li Shimin of Qin, withdrew to Tai’an Palace, and took the title of Retired Emperor. Gao Shilian was appointed Director of the Chancellery, Fang Xuanling Director of the Secretariat, and Xiao Yu Right Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs.

In the year Dinghai, the reign title was changed to Zhenguan. Feng Lun, Minister of the Secretariat, died. Xiao Yu became Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, and Changsun Wuji became Right Vice Director.

In the year Wuzi, Liang Shidu was defeated at Shuofang.

In the year Jichou, the chancellor Pei Ji was dismissed for an offense. Fang Xuanling became Left Vice Director of the Department of State Affairs, Du Ruhui became Right Vice Director, and Li Jing became Minister of War. Wei Zheng served as acting Director of the Palace Library and took part in deliberations on state affairs.

In the year Gengyin, Li Jing defeated the Turks and captured Jieli Khan. Dai Zhou and Xiao Yu took part in the administration of state affairs, and Wen Yanbo became Director of the Secretariat.

In the year Xinmao, a grand hunt was held at Kunming in spring; in winter, the court went to the Hot Springs.

In the year Renchen, a sacrifice was held at the southern suburb altar.

In the year Guisi, Wei Zheng became Director of the Chancellery. The court issued newly revised editions of the Five Classics throughout the realm.

According to the chronology of the Huangji Jingshi: in the year Hai, it was the 2,256th year.

In the year Jiawu, the Tang Emperor Guangxiao was in the ninth year of his reign.

In the year Yiwei, Li Jing defeated Tuyuhun, captured its king’s wife, and then returned her to her own country. The Retired Emperor died at Tai’an Palace. Gaozu was buried at Xianling.

In the year Bingshen, Wei Zheng was promoted to Senior Grand Master, an honorary title, and Wen Yanbo was promoted to Right Vice Director.

In the year Dingyou, the court went to Luoyang Palace.

In the year Wuxu, Gao Shilian became Right Vice Director.

In the year Jihai, the court went to Jiucheng Palace. Ten distant states came to pay tribute.

In the year Gengzi, Hou Junji defeated Gaochang, captured its king, and brought him back. Princess Honghua married the king of Tuyuhun. At the winter solstice, a sacrifice to the August Thearch of Heaven was held at the Round Mound altar.

In the year Xinchou, the court went to Luoyang. Princess Wencheng married the Zanpu of Tibet.

In the year Renyin, the court went to Qiyang.

In the year Guimao, portraits of twenty-four meritorious officials were painted in Lingyan Pavilion. A revolt broke out within the imperial family: Li You, Prince of Qi, rebelled in Qi Prefecture and was stripped of his title and reduced to commoner status; the Crown Prince, Li Chengqian, was likewise stripped of his title and reduced to commoner status, then moved to Qian Prefecture; Prince Li Tai of Wei was moved to Jun Prefecture; and Prince Li Zhi of Jin was made Crown Prince. Hou Junji was executed. At the winter solstice, a sacrifice was held at the southern suburb altar.

In the year Jiachen, Cen Wenben and Ma Zhou became Directors of the Secretariat. The court went to Luoyang, then the emperor personally led a campaign against Liaodong.

In the year Yisi, Goguryeo was subdued.

In the year Bingwu, Li Ji defeated the Xueyantuo. Eleven distant states came to pay tribute.

In the year Dingwei, Cuiwei Palace was built on Mount Zhongnan.

In the year Wushen, Ashina subdued Kucha, captured its king, and brought him back. The court sent troops to campaign against the tribal peoples of Songzhou. Fang Xuanling, Duke of the State and Minister of Works, and Xiao Yu, Senior Grand Master, died. Chu Suiliang became Director of the Secretariat.

In the year Jiyou, the emperor died at Cuiwei Palace. The crown prince, Li Zhi, ascended the throne as Emperor Gaozong of Tang, and Taizong was buried at Zhaoling. Changsun Wuji and Chu Suiliang assisted in governing the state. Li Ji was restored to office and granted the honorary rank of Grand Preceptor. Yu Zhining and Zhang Xingcheng were promoted to the posts of Shizhong, taking part in the handling of state affairs.

In the year Gengxu, the era name was changed to Yonghui, and Chu Suiliang was relieved of his government duties.

In the year Xinhai, the court launched a campaign against Helu, and the army reached Qianjin Ridge. On the day of the winter solstice, a ceremony to worship Heaven was held at the southern suburb.

In the year Renzi, Li Zhong, Prince of Chen, was installed as crown prince. Han Yuan and Lai Ji became chancellors; Yuwen Jie was appointed Shizhong, and Liu Shi, Zhongshu Ling.

In the year Guichou, the imperial son-in-law Fang Yiai, Chai Lingwu, and Xue Wanche, along with Li Yuanjing, Prince of Jing, and two princesses, were executed for plotting rebellion. Li Ke, Prince of Wu, was then also killed. Chu Suiliang resumed the post of Right Pushe. A popular uprising broke out in Muzhou.

In the year Jiayin, the outer walls of Chang’an were built, and the emperor personally went to Zhaoling to pay his respects.

In the year Yimao, Empress Wang and Xiao Liangdi were deposed and reduced to commoner status. Lady Wu was installed as Zhaoyi, a rank among the imperial consorts. Changsun Wuji and Chu Suiliang were relieved of their government duties, while Xu Jingzong and Li Yifu became chancellors. Empress Wu killed the former Empress Wang and Xiao Liangdi, both of whom had been reduced to commoner status. Cui Dunli was appointed Zhongshu Ling.

In the year Bingchen, crown prince Li Zhong was deposed and demoted to Prince of Liang. Li Hong, Prince of Dai, was installed as crown prince. The era name was changed to Xianqing. Du Zhenglun became chancellor.

In the year Dingsi, the emperor went to Xuzhou and Luoyang, and designated Luoyang as the eastern capital. Li Yifu was promoted to Zhongshu Ling, and Xu Jingzong to Shizhong. The chancellors Han Yuan and Lai Ji were demoted to prefects.

In the year Wuwu, Su Dingfang pacified Helu and captured him.

In the year Jiwei, Changsun Wuji and Chu Suiliang were killed in exile. The emperor went to the eastern capital.

In the year Gengshen, Li Zhong, Prince of Liang, was deposed and reduced to commoner status. Su Dingfang pacified Baekje and captured its king, Buyeo.

In the year Xinyou, the era name was changed to Longshuo.

In the year Renxu, the emperor returned to Chang’an. The Menxia, Zhongshu, and Shangshu departments were renamed the Eastern, Western, and Central Offices; the titles Shizhong and Zhongshu Ling were changed to Left and Right Chancellor. Penglai Palace was built. Xu Yushi was appointed Left Chancellor, but was soon imprisoned.

In the year Guihai, Hanyuan Hall was built at Penglai Palace. Li Yifu became Right Chancellor, but was soon exiled to Suizhou, where he later died. The era name for the following year was changed to Linde.

Huangji Jingshi, juan six, part two.