About this page. The original text of 《参同契阐幽》 (Zangwai Daoshu 藏外道書, 5 volumes) is shown in Classical Chinese as transmitted in the Godners/DaoZang edition. An English interpretation of the 1 passages on this page accompanies it: select a passage or press “Interpretation” to show it. All texts in English
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Vol. 1
The Elucidation of the Hidden Meaning of the Cantong qi is a Qing-dynasty interpretation of the Cantong qi by Zhu Yuanyu. It uses the Yin-Yang trigrams of the Book of Changes to explain Neidan cultivation. Its preface says that the Great Dao cannot fully be expressed in words or names, yet scriptures are still needed to point toward the roots of nature and life. “Nature” refers to the original spirit, inherent and imperishable; “life” refers to the ancestral Qi bestowed before birth. Nature and life can be explained separately, but they cannot be divided into two things. Confucian, Daoist, and other teachings ultimately point toward a shared Great Dao: investigating principle, fulfilling one’s nature, and cultivating life.
The author says that the Cantong qi uses trigrams, lines, and Yin-Yang transformations to explain the Dao of nature and life. It develops its account through three approaches—“governing,” “nourishing nature,” and “ingesting”—and through three interconnected systems: “medicinals,” “furnace and cauldron,” and “timing of the fire.” In the title, “can” means to combine, “tong” means to unite, and “qi” means to correspond. Readers should not cling to literal wording or names, but should grasp through the trigrams how nature and life unite and return to their source.
Chapter One: The Gateway of Qian and Kun
Qian and Kun are the foundation of all the trigrams in the Book of Changes. They symbolize Heaven and Earth and can also be used to explain nature and life. Kan and Li symbolize the sun and moon, and water and fire; they are the workings through which Qian and Kun transform and move. Zhu Yuanyu applies this account of the transformations of Heaven and Earth to Neidan cultivation in the human body: Qian and Kun are like the furnace and cauldron, Kan and Li are like the medicinals, and the timing of the fire is expressed in the waxing and waning of Yin and Yang.
The movement of Kan and Li is like the turning of an axle, while Qian and Kun are like the wheel’s hub and body, providing its foundation and range. The changes of Yin and Yang between Heaven and Earth appear in day and night, the phases of the moon, the seasons, and heat and cold. Cultivators use these natural rhythms to explain the timing of advancing the fire and withdrawing the talisman. In the trigrams, the waxing of Yang and waning of Yin, and the waxing of Yin and waning of Yang, correspond respectively to the gradual advance of Yang Qi and the gradual retreat of Yin in cultivation. The chapter’s central idea is that cultivation should follow the patterns of Yin and Yang, so that the Five Phases (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) each take their proper place.
Zhu Yuanyu also compares Heaven and Earth to the human body: the head, abdomen, ears, eyes, and limbs each correspond to trigrams. The body also contains the original spirit and original Qi, which are difficult to perceive. In his account, nature and life were originally undivided; only later did distinctions arise between Yin and Yang and between above and below. Cultivation uses the movement of Kan and Li to reunite nature and life and return them to their prenatal source. This is the meaning of the saying, “Following nature gives birth to human beings; reversing its transformations refines the Elixir.”
Chapter Two: The Two Functions of Kan and Li
Qian and Kun are like Heaven and Earth; Kan and Li are like the sun and moon. Once Heaven and Earth have taken their places, the sun and moon move within them, and the transformations of Yin and Yang unfold. Kan and Li do not remain fixed in a single trigram position. They circulate, transform, and move back and forth. Their function depends on the emptiness between them. Just as a vessel works because it has an empty space within, Kan and Li govern visible transformations through what is void.
Zhu Yuanyu further explains that Yang is concealed within Kan and Yin within Li. Water and fire contain one another and interact, with their transformations turning on the “center.” The refined Qi represented by the sun and moon in Kan and Li must combine with the Earth of Wu and Ji to bring Yin and Yang into balance and the Five Phases into harmony. Wu and Ji here symbolize Earth at the center, the power that harmonizes water and fire and unifies the Five Phases. The chapter’s central teaching is that the use of Kan and Li returns to balance and harmony; the medicinals, furnace and cauldron, and timing of the fire in cultivation are all governed by this principle.
Chapter Three: The Sun and Moon Containing the Talisman
The sun and moon are the clearest symbols of the transformations of Yin and Yang. The sun contains Yin, and the moon contains Yang. Although the sun and moon seem to wax and wane in turn, each in fact contains the other, expressing how Yin and Yang are both opposed and unified. The moon’s phases arise from changes in how it is illuminated by the sun. The author uses this to explain that the advance and retreat of Yin and Yang in cultivation also follow rhythms, while resting on a foundation that does not change with appearances.
At the alternation of the dark and new moon each month, the sun and moon meet, symbolizing the birth of Yang at the extreme of Yin. The text uses “Zhen” to represent the first arising Yang, and “chaos mingling and joining” to describe the meeting of Yin and Yang and the first establishment of the Elixir’s foundation. This nascent true seed must then be continuously warmed and nurtured until it gathers and takes form. Zhu Yuanyu calls the fundamental power born of the meeting of Yin and Yang the seed from which nature and life arise. He sums up the distinction between following the generative processes of nature and reversing them through cultivation with the saying, “Following gives birth to human beings; reversing brings forth the Elixir.”
Chapter Four: Advancing and Withdrawing in Accord with Heaven’s Talisman
This chapter uses the movements of the sun and moon and the Eight Trigrams’ correspondence with the Heavenly Stems to explain the advance and retreat of the fire in Neidan. “Assigning the Stems” means matching the Heavenly Stems with the Eight Trigrams to describe the correspondences between the phases of the moon and the trigrams. At the dark and new moon, Yang first arises, stirring like the Return trigram. From new moon to full moon, Yang Qi gradually grows; from full moon to the dark moon, Yin Qi gradually grows. Through the trigrams Zhen, Dui, Qian, Xun, Gen, and Kun, the text describes the moon’s progression from its first appearance, through the first quarter and fullness, to the last quarter and disappearance.
Zhu Yuanyu compares these changes in the moon’s phases to advancing the fire and withdrawing the talisman in cultivation: advance the fire as Yang Qi grows, and withdraw the talisman as Yin Qi grows. The key is to seize the right moment: wait quietly for signs, then respond promptly when the fire’s timing is activated. He also uses the Yellow River Chart, the Luo River Writing, and the human mind to explain how Heaven, Earth, and humanity are connected. Cultivators must observe changes in nature, attend to movements within the mind, and practice in keeping with the rhythms of the trigrams.
Chapter Five: Ruler and Ministers Governing
This chapter compares the governance of a state by ruler and ministers to the direction of mind and spirit in cultivation. The ruling mind is like a sovereign, while Jing and Qi are like ministers. When the mind and spirit are settled, each part of the body can fulfill its role, and the movement of Yin and Yang is more harmonious. If the mind and spirit become unruly and fail to remain upright, it is like a ruler who has lost the Dao and ministers who have fallen into disorder; the Qi mechanism in cultivation likewise becomes disturbed.
Cultivation therefore requires care from beginning to end, especially in maintaining the mind’s inner command and keeping the mind and spirit upright and settled. Zhu Yuanyu holds that the key to governing the body’s transformations is the mind. When the mind is calm and free of reckless activity, the body’s Jing, Qi, and various functions can each remain in their proper place. This is what “governing” means in Neidan cultivation.
Chapter Six: Refining the Self and Establishing the Foundation
“Refining the self” means cultivating one’s own mind and nature; it is the foundation of the practice. Cultivators should become quiet and empty, gather in the mind and spirit, and reduce their pursuit of things outside themselves so that their originally luminous nature is no longer obscured by distracting thoughts. They then observe themselves inwardly and gradually stabilize the foundation of their cultivation. The text’s phrase “shut the openings” means carefully guarding the points through which the body and mind go out and become dissipated. “Warming and nurturing the pearl-child” is a metaphor for calming the mind and nourishing its inner clarity.
Zhu Yuanyu holds that cultivation depends on “attaining the One”: if one guards the foundation, nature and life can respond to one another. When the initial practice follows the right path, later cultivation has a guide; with a foundation in place, completion becomes possible. The emphasis here is not on chasing external things, but on preserving what is within, so that the mind and spirit gradually become settled and clear.
Chapter Seven: The Interrelated Functions of the Two Openings
This chapter explains how the two functions of Kan and Li work together. Zhu Yuanyu uses “higher virtue is Wuwei (non-action)” to explain that nature is originally still and pure and cannot be grasped through deliberate distinctions and conjecture. “Lower virtue acts” means that the functioning of life has practical effects and should not fall into empty stillness while disregarding the movement of Qi. Nature and life depend on one another, one still and the other active; only together do they make the whole practice.
The text’s phrase “know the white, keep to the black” uses terms such as Metal and Water to explain how Yin and Yang are contained within each other. White symbolizes the essence of Metal, and black symbolizes the foundation of Water; Water is the pivot of the Dao, containing the first glimmer of life. Zhu Yuanyu stresses that spirit does not appear from nowhere: it emerges as the two forces of Yin and Yang meet and nourish one another in the central palace. The “two openings” refer to the crucial points where Kan and Li interact. Their essential meaning is to guard the body and mind so that nature and life meet and return to their source.
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