《庄子注》Vol. 1
About this page. The original text of 《庄子注》 Vol. 1 (Zangwai Daoshu 藏外道書, 5 volumes) is shown in Classical Chinese as transmitted in the Godners/DaoZang edition. An English interpretation of the 1 passages on this page accompanies it: select a passage or press “Interpretation” to show it. All texts in English
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Source text (with commentary)Interpretation
Zhuangzi uses the story of the great Peng bird and the small birds to show that although things differ in size, each can be free and fulfilled by following its nature and doing what lies within its abilities. The Peng needs the force of accumulated wind to soar high and travel far, while the small birds are content to fly as far as the elm or sandalwood trees. Their abilities and needs are different, yet each can be at ease in its own place. There is no need for them to envy one another or argue over which is superior.
The lifespans and understanding of things in the world also vary. The morning mushroom, which lives only from dawn to dusk, knows nothing of the changes of the sun and moon; the cicada knows nothing of spring and autumn. The great chun tree, by contrast, lives for a very long time. Every form of life has its own limits, and one cannot measure one by another’s standards. If we recognize each thing’s nature and proper bounds, we need not feel troubled because we have less than others, nor become complacent because we have more.
Zhuangzi goes on to say that someone who is truly free does not depend on external things or cling to the self. By following the natural changes of Heaven, Earth, and all things, this person is not bound by fame, gain and loss, or life and death. Song Rongzi did not strive harder because the world praised him, nor grow despondent when it criticized him. Liezi could ride the wind, yet still depended on it. Only one who is constrained by no conditions and follows the natural order can truly depend on nothing.
When Yao offered the empire to Xu You, Xu You refused, reasoning that the realm was already well governed and he had no need to accept it. Through this story, Zhuangzi shows that Yao did not govern by forcing everything to conform to his personal will. He followed the circumstances of the realm, allowing each thing to find its proper place. A cook and a ritual officiant each have their own duties; neither should cross over to take the other’s place. It is enough for each thing to remain in its proper role.
Zhuangzi also uses the image of a spirit-like person to show that someone of true De, though living in the world, is not inwardly harmed by external things. This person follows the ways of all things, does not treat the world as a personal concern, and makes no deliberate display of achievement. Huizi thought the giant gourds and the huge tree were useless. Zhuangzi replied that whether something is useful depends on how and where it is used. A giant gourd can be made into a vessel for floating on water; a large tree growing where no one will cut it down can offer a place to rest in freedom. Every thing has a fitting use. If we know how to follow circumstances in using it, we will not be troubled by the label “useless.”
The “Discussion on Making All Things Equal” begins with the story of Nan Guo Ziqi leaning against a table, seeming to have forgotten himself. Ziqi says that he has “lost himself,” meaning that for a time he has let go of a mind attached to the self. He compares the sounds of “human pipes,” “earth pipes,” and “Heaven’s pipes.” Human pipes are the sounds made by people playing bamboo flutes; earth pipes are the many sounds produced when wind passes through the openings in forests and mountains. Heaven’s pipes are the different expressions of all things as each follows its own nature, with no ruler behind them controlling what happens.
People differ in what they know, what they say, how they feel, and how they judge. They often get caught up in arguments over right and wrong, measuring one another by their own standards. Zhuangzi holds that what is right or wrong often changes with one’s point of view. Each person believes they are right and is therefore quick to judge others wrong. The “pivot of the Dao” means not clinging to either side. It is the center of shifting judgments, from which one can respond to different situations without being bound by one position.
Things differ in form and circumstance, yet each exists according to its own nature. Short grass and tall pillars, ugliness and beauty, the strange and the ordinary can all be viewed from different angles. If we do not cling to a single standard, we can see that each thing has its own reason for being and fulfills itself in its own way. The sage does not force things to conform to personal judgments, but follows their particular circumstances and lets each fulfill its own purpose.
Zhuang Zhou dreamed that he had become a butterfly. When he awoke, he did not know whether Zhuang Zhou had dreamed of being a butterfly or a butterfly was dreaming of being Zhuang Zhou. Zhuang Zhou and the butterfly are certainly distinct, but this transformation also shows that things are constantly changing. We need not cling to a fixed self or a fixed situation. Life and death, waking and dreaming, may simply be different stages in a process of change.
“Preserving Life” points out that human life is limited, while the desire for knowledge may have no end. If we use our limited lives to pursue limitless knowledge, fame, and gain, we will exhaust and wear ourselves down. We should act in accordance with the natural patterns of things and observe a proper sense of measure. In this way, we can preserve life and live it in peace.
When Cook Ding cuts up an ox, his blade moves through the spaces between its joints. After nineteen years, it is still as sharp as if it had just been sharpened. His skill lies not only in technique but also in understanding the ox’s structure and guiding the blade along its natural grain. When he reaches a place where sinews and bones intersect, he observes carefully and slows his movements. Through this story, Zhuangzi shows that if we follow the inherent patterns of things, we can reduce strain and wear.
The right aide has only one foot, whether by birth or because of something done to him, and Gongwen Xuan is astonished by this. Zhuangzi uses the story to show that some circumstances are beyond a person’s control. When we understand that life and fate each have their limits, we need not force what cannot be done. Instead, we should preserve what nature has given us.
The wild pheasant in the marsh must walk a long way to peck for food and find water, yet it does not want to be kept in a cage. Even a comfortable life in a cage may not suit its nature. After Lao Dan died, Qin Shi wept only briefly and then left. He believed that people come into the world in response to the times and leave it in keeping with change. Those who can accept the times and follow change will not be overly constrained by grief or joy. Firewood burns up, but the fire can be passed on. Zhuangzi uses this image to show that although life comes to an end, change and continuation do not thereby cease.
In “In the Human World,” Yan Hui wants to travel to the state of Wei to remonstrate with its tyrannical ruler. Confucius warns him that if his own resolve is not yet settled, rushing to change another person may bring disaster. Fame can easily provoke rivalry, and knowledge can become a tool for competing with others. If Yan Hui ignores whether the ruler is willing to listen and forcibly urges him with doctrines of benevolence and righteousness, the ruler may see him as someone who seeks fame and harms others, putting him in danger.
Through this story, Zhuangzi warns that when we are caught up in the complexities of human life, we should first settle ourselves, remain empty and still, and respond to external things in keeping with the times. If the other person cannot accept advice, going to them rashly will only bring harm. Court demonstrations, reputation, and moral arguments must all suit the circumstances. Only by responding to the particular situation can we hope to preserve ourselves amid the turmoil of worldly affairs.
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