《上清丹景道精隱地八術經》
About this page. The original text of 《上清丹景道精隱地八術經》 (Zhengyi 正一部, 2 volumes) is shown in Classical Chinese as transmitted in the Kanripo (Kyoto University) edition. An English interpretation of the 11 passages on this page accompanies it: select a passage or press “Interpretation” to show it. All texts in English
Reading modes explained
- Horizontal: ordinary left-to-right reading; the interpretation can be shown.
- Scroll: vertical text running right to left; the wheel scrolls sideways (no interpretation in this mode).
- Wheel: columns of vertical text turn around a drum; use the wheel, drag or arrow keys, or auto-play.
- Pages: about 200 characters per page; use the buttons, swipe or arrow keys.
Source textInterpretation
Vol. 1
The Shangqing Danjing Daojing Yindi Bashu Jing (Scripture of the Eight Hidden Techniques of Daoist Essence and Danjing Scenery from Shangqing) records eight profound Daoist arts of invisibility and transformation, treasured as secret methods by the Shangqing lineage (an important Daoist school). These eight techniques are: 1. Concealing Shadows and Hiding Forms; 2. Riding Emptiness and Traversing the Void; 3. Vanishing Wheels and Soaring to the Heavens; 4. Emerging from Being and Entering Non-Being; 5. Flying Spirits to the Eight Directions; 6. Dissolving Forms and Escaping through Transformation; 7. Revolving Dawn and Turning the Mysterious; 8. Hiding in Earth and Dancing in Heaven. These are regarded as the most precious Daoist arts, preserved in caskets of gold and jade, guarded by eight hundred jade boys and jade maidens.
The scripture states that these secret techniques were originally obtained by the Most High Jade Dawn Sovereign of Elevated Sanctity (a high-ranking Daoist deity) from the Nine Mysteries (the highest celestial realms) and passed down after seven thousand years to advanced immortals such as the Taiji (Supreme Ultimate) Perfected Being and the Great Divine Lord of Eastern Florescence. Transmission required oaths sworn with gold, and those who possessed these scriptures could vanish into the eight directions. Practicing these arts enabled one to soar through the skies. However, strict secrecy was emphasized—they were not to be casually transmitted, not even between father and son or ruler and subject, lest misfortune follow.
The text details the practice method for the first technique, "Concealing Forms and Hiding Shadows": On the morning of the first day of spring (Li Chun), one must sit quietly facing the northeast corner, visualizing purple Qi (vital energy) spreading from the northeast (the Gen trigram, one of the Bagua) to fill the entire room. Maintain this visualization until nine-colored divine beasts (resembling qilin) appear before the eyes, then tap the teeth thirty-six times and silently recite a specific incantation. After practicing for a year, one achieves the power of invisibility. In moments of danger, simply scattering a handful of soil from one's birth-direction over oneself allows instantaneous concealment.
The scripture further mentions the need to ingest the "Flying Spirit Jade Talisman" (a type of Fulu), transmitted by the Taiji Perfected Being. Consuming it for a year enables one to roam with divine spirits. On the first day of spring, one must face east while ingesting the talisman, silently invoking the eight secret taboo names and reciting the accompanying spell. The text also includes diagrams of yang and yin talismans (though the original does not display them in full).
This scripture records three Daoist cultivation techniques, all belonging to the secret methods of the "Eight Concealment Arts." I will explain each section in turn:
The first technique, "Body Ascension Art":
Practitioners must conceal themselves in the Gen position (a mystical northeast spatial orientation) at specific celestial hours. By harmonizing the dual energies of Yin and Yang, one achieves the effect of levitation and aerial ascent. The concrete method involves swallowing a spiritual talisman nine times while reciting incantations, thereby avoiding the calamity of armed conflict.
The second technique, "Riding Emptiness to Traverse the Void Art":
At high noon during the Spring Equinox, sit facing east with eyes closed. Visualize azure cloud-qi (Qi) emanating from the Zhen position (the eastern direction representing thunder) transforming into a blue-green dragon coiling around your body. After tapping the teeth thirty-six times, silently recite the spell—its essential meaning being a prayer to ride clouds and mists while communing with divine spirits. After two years of such cultivation, one gains the ability of invisibility and flight. In moments of danger, stand in the Zhen position and scatter soil from the current year's auspicious direction over your body as concealment.
The third technique, "Concealed Flight Through the Firmament Art":
At midday during the Beginning of Summer, sit facing southeast. With closed eyes, visualize crimson cloud-qi flowing from the Xun position (southeast) transforming into a mysterious black hare appearing before your chest. Similarly tap your teeth while reciting incantations, praying to ride clouds with all spiritual beings submitting to your will. After three years of practice, one becomes capable of vanishing into the clouds. In emergencies, stand in the Xun position while swallowing fourteen breaths of qi, then scatter soil from the current Grand Duke Jupiter's (Taisui) direction over your body to achieve invisibility.
These techniques all require:
1) Selecting specific solar terms and celestial hours
2) Facing precise spatial orientations
3) Coordinating visualizations of particular colored cloud-qi
4) Tapping teeth while reciting spells
5) Swallowing spiritual talismans or cloud-qi
6) Using soil from specific directions as protective objects
The scripture emphasizes these arts demand prolonged cultivation (two to three years), and their secret names and formulas must never be lightly revealed. Upon successful mastery, one gains abilities of invisibility and flight for self-preservation during calamities.
The Autumn Invocation of White Qi states: "When white energy envelops the body, the form becomes radiant white light."
This scripture records several invisibility and transformation techniques from the Shangqing (Highest Clarity) tradition of Daoism (an influential school during the Eastern Jin dynasty that emphasized visualization and Qi absorption). These belong to advanced cultivation methods. Let me explain each section:
The first passage describes the method for ingesting the "Soaring Spirit Jade Talisman":
On the day of Summer Solstice, face southeast and softly recite the secret names of the Eight Luminaries (Daoist deities representing the eight directions). Then silently chant: "The spirits soar through the nine heavens, purple radiance illuminates the rosy clouds..." (The general meaning: Divine beings ascend through celestial realms, violet energy fills the skies, one absorbs the vital breath of all directions, exhales six refined essences, causing spiritual truth to permeate one's being while desires dissolve). After chanting, ingest the talisman while performing nine swallowing motions.
The second section details the "Technique of Emerging from Being and Entering Non-Being":
At high noon during the Summer Solstice, enter a quiet chamber facing south. Close your eyes and visualize crimson clouds flowing from the Li Palace (the southern position in the Bagua) until they fill the entire room. After prolonged concentration, the red clouds transform into phoenixes circling above your head. Then tap your teeth thirty-six times while silently reciting: "Vermilion mists reflect the mysterious Qi..." (General meaning: Scarlet clouds mirror the profound energy, nine Daoist methods transform into phoenixes, bestowing upon me the jade nectar of immortal abodes). Perform nine swallows, open your eyes to ingest the talisman. After four years of practice, one gains the ability to freely traverse between existence and emptiness. In times of danger, stand in the southern position while gathering nine types of Qi and soil from specific directions for protection.
The third passage explains the "Method of Soaring Through the Eight Directions":
During the afternoon of Autumn Commencement, enter a quiet chamber facing southwest. With closed eyes, visualize white clouds flowing from the Kun Palace (the southwestern position in the Bagua) until they fill the space. After sustained focus, the white clouds materialize as a qilin appearing before you. Tap your teeth thirty-six times while silently chanting: "Gazing upward at the mysterious essence..." (General meaning: Contemplating the sublime quintessence, partaking of golden-yellow refinement, growing feathered wings for celestial flight). Perform nine swallows, then open your eyes to ingest the talisman. After five years of cultivation, one attains the ability to ascend through all directions. When facing danger, stand in the southwest position while swallowing thirty-six breaths and collecting soil from that day's designated direction for self-preservation.
These cultivation methods all emphasize performing specific rituals—including visualization (cunsi), talisman ingestion, teeth-tapping, and breath-swallowing—during precise solar terms, times, and orientations. Through these practices, adepts ultimately achieve effects of invisibility, transformation, or celestial ascension.
This scripture records several Daoist cultivation techniques, primarily focusing on methods to attain supernatural abilities like invisibility and transformation through consuming talismans (fulu), visualization (cunsi), and incantations. Here's a section-by-section explanation:
【Autumn Invisibility Technique】
On the day of Beginning of Autumn (Liqiu), face southwest and softly recite the names of the "Eight Luminaries" (bajing, referring to deities of the eight directions). Then ingest the "Flying Numinous Jade Talisman" (feiling yufu), while chanting: "May the purple-and-clear Qi transform me into a qilin's form, treading upon the mysterious celestial web, roaming heaven and earth with the seven mysterious immortals..." Practicing this for five years enables free passage through the Eight Celestial Palaces (bagong).
【Shape-Shifting Escape Technique】
At dusk on the Autumn Equinox (Qiufen), face west and visualize white clouds flowing from the Dui trigram position (one of the eight Bagua directions) to envelop your entire body. Silently recite: "May I divide and transform at will..." Six years of practice grants the ability to manifest countless transformations. When in danger, envision flames surrounding your body while grasping "southern soil" (bingshang tu, earth from specific directions) for protection to become invisible.
【Winter Mystical Transformation Technique】
At midnight on Beginning of Winter (Lidong), face northwest and visualize black clouds from the Qian trigram position (northwest) transforming into a coiling black serpent at your feet. Chant: "The supreme yin's dark Qi becomes a numinous serpent, aiding me in moving stars..." Seven years of practice enables control over the movements of the sun, moon, and five planets.
These practices all require:
1. Strict observance of timing and directional orientation
2. Specific talismanic correspondences
3. Visualization and contemplation of prescribed imagery
4. Physical actions like teeth-tapping and saliva-swallowing
5. Uninterrupted practice over several years
Note: The "seven mysteries" (qixuan) refer to seven mysterious immortals, "eight luminaries" (bajing) denote eight directional deities, and "nine swallows" (jiuyan) indicates the ritual action of swallowing saliva nine times. These are specialized terms within Daoist internal cultivation techniques.
This scripture records two important invisibility techniques from the "Eight Concealment Methods of Hidden Earth" in the Shangqing (Highest Clarity) Daoist tradition, detailing their cultivation practices and incantations for specific celestial hours.
The first method, "Flying Numinous Jade Talisman" (Feiling Yufu), is practiced on the day of Winter Solstice commencement:
1. Face northwest and softly invoke the secret names of the Eight Luminaries (Bajing, Daoist deities of the eight directions)
2. Recite the specific incantation: "The numinous talisman revolves sevenfold... controlling the Fengdu Mountain"
3. After ingesting the talisman, perform nine breath-swallowing exercises
4. Seven years of continuous practice enables one to ride a dragon and ascend to the Great Clarity (Taiqing) celestial realm
The second method, "Concealing Earth and Dancing Heaven" (Yindi Wutian), is practiced at midnight during Winter Solstice:
1. Meditate facing north in a quiet chamber, visualizing black clouds pouring from the Kan Palace (northern trigram) to fill the room
2. Imagine a mystical black turtle (Xuanwu) appearing beneath your feet
3. Click teeth 36 times before chanting: "The numinous talisman conceals directions... ascending to the Emperor's Dawn"
4. Perform nine breath-swallowings before ingesting the talisman
5. Eight years of practice grants access to the Jade Clarity (Yuqing) celestial realm
Emergency procedures during crises:
- Stand in specific trigram positions (Qian Palace or Kan Palace)
- Visualize black clouds enveloping your body
- Perform 25 breath-swallowings
- Collect soil from specific directions as protective charm
- Recite seasonal incantations
Preparation requirements:
1. Seven days of fasting and purification beforehand
2. Recite the Demon-Dispelling Scripture (Xiaomo Jing) to subdue evil spirits before entering the chamber
3. Know the sixteen-character true names of the Eight Palace Kings (guardian deities)
4. Mastery brings divine protection, immunity to evil influences, and ultimate union with Dao-Qi (the vital energy of the Way)
These techniques integrate talismanic magic (Fulu), visualization, breath regulation, and other Daoist practices, aligning ritual actions with natural solar terms to achieve invisibility, disaster avoidance, and celestial ascension.
This scripture records the cultivation methods and related prohibitions from the Shangqing Danjing Daojing Yindi Bashu Jing (Scripture of the Eight Hidden Techniques of Dao Essence from the Shangqing Crimson Scenery).
The first section introduces eight cultivation techniques (Xuanshang, Xiuling, Feixuan, Yaoguang, Mowang, Feicang, Hemeng, Tongling) along with sixteen secret names. The effects of cultivation increase with years of practice: one year enables invisibility, two years allow levitation, three years grant the ability to vanish at will, four years lead to entering emptiness, five years permit travel through the eight directions, six years allow physical transformation, seven years grant control over the Five Stars (Wuchen, referring to the planets of the Five Phases—Metal, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth), and eight years bestow the freedom to traverse heaven and earth. Long-term practitioners may even roam the highest Shangqing celestial realms (one of Daoism’s supreme paradises) alongside the Celestial Emperor, riding clouds and mist.
The second section explains that this Ziqing Miaopian (Wondrous Scroll of the Purple Purity) was composed by the exalted sages of Shangqing. Those who encounter this scripture will have their names inscribed on golden tablets. According to Daoist tradition, the scripture may only be transmitted once every seven hundred years, with a maximum of eight recipients. After transmission, the golden tablets must be sealed and stored within the sacred mountains of the Five Peaks.
The third section details the ritual for using the Feiling Yufu (Jade Talisman of Soaring Numen). It must be performed during the Zi hour (11 PM–1 AM) on one’s benming day (a specific day corresponding to one’s birth year), facing north with an altar for offerings while kneeling in prayer. This ritual resembles the Lingfei Liujia (a Daoist talismanic method). The scripture emphasizes the gravity of transmission: forty feet of white silk, eighty feet of purple-patterned cloth, and eight pairs of golden clasps must be offered as tokens. Those who violate transmission rules or break their vows will bring punishment upon seven generations of ancestors in the underworld (referred to as the "trials of the wind-blade," a metaphor for infernal torment). The transgressor will, after death, be condemned to servitude as a ghost soldier, enduring the Five Sufferings and Eight Calamities (various tribulations in Daoist cosmology) for countless eons without reprieve.
Finally, practitioners are reminded to maintain strict secrecy and handle these methods with utmost caution.
Vol. 2
The Shangqing Danjing Daojing Yindi Bashu Jing (Scripture of the Eight Hidden Earth Techniques of the Supreme Clarity's Dao Essence and Luminous Scenery) details eight esoteric concealment arts transmitted by the Purple Clarity Emperor (Zi Qing Dijun) for evading calamities and achieving invisibility through transformation. These secret methods were originally stored in the Golden Terrace of Mysterious Metropolis (Xuandu Jintai, a celestial abode of Daoist immortals) and passed down from the Dao Lord (Daojun) to the Golden Tower Emperor (Jinque Dijun), reserved exclusively for cultivators deemed worthy of attaining the status of Perfected Being (Zhenren).
The techniques involve inscribing talismanic scripts (Fulu) corresponding to specific directions, combined with breath regulation (Tuna) and visualization. For example:
To evade disasters originating from the southern direction (Li Palace, associated with Fire), one must escape to the northern direction (Kan Palace, associated with Water). The method is as follows:
1. Inscribe the Li Palace talisman on the forehead and the Kan Palace talisman on the sole of the left foot.
2. Stand facing north, hold the breath for twelve cycles, and tap the teeth twelve times.
3. Visualize transforming into a black dragon, enveloped in dark mist.
4. Silently invoke the Purple Clarity Emperor to assist in altering one's form.
5. Swallow twelve mouthfuls of Qi to vanish into the northern direction, becoming invisible to others.
Similar techniques include:
- Evading misfortunes from the southwest (Kun Palace, Earth) by fleeing eastward (Zhen Palace, Wood), visualizing transformation into a azure dragon.
- Escaping western (Dui Palace, Metal) calamities by moving south (Li Palace, Fire), visualizing transformation into a phoenix.
Each method is accompanied by directional talismans, prescribed breath counts, and specific visualized forms. The scripture emphasizes these as "supreme and wondrous arts of the Dao" (Shangdao Miaofa), requiring strict secrecy and oral transmission from master to disciple. Only after eight years of dedicated practice can one master the supernatural ability to "vanish while seated or standing, concealing shadows and escaping form" (zuo zai li wang, yin ying tao xing), ultimately achieving ascension in broad daylight.
This scripture records the "Eight Concealment Techniques" of the Shangqing (Highest Clarity) tradition, an important early Daoist school. It describes cultivation methods for achieving invisibility and disaster avoidance through specific rituals and visualization practices. The core technique involves transforming one's form by coordinating directions, talismans, breathing methods, and visualizations.
The method consists of several steps:
1. Based on the direction of impending disaster (determined by the Eight Trigrams/Bagua), select the corresponding escape direction. For example, when disaster comes from the northwest (Qian position), one should move to the southeast (Xun position).
2. Draw corresponding talismans (Fulu) on specific body parts. To avoid Qian-position disasters, one draws the Qian talisman on the head and the Xun talisman on the abdomen.
3. Stand facing a specific direction, hold one's breath, perform teeth-knocking (a Daoist cultivation technique), and invoke "Purple Clarity Emperor Lord" (a Daoist deity) three times to request invisibility assistance.
4. Visualize one's body transforming into different forms: a phoenix, a flying serpent (legendary wingless snake), a qilin (mythical creature), or an earthen mound, merging with the primordial Qi of heaven and earth.
5. Coordinate with specific breath counts (e.g., holding breath for 24 cycles) and teeth-knocking sequences (e.g., 16 repetitions), then swallow the corresponding amount of primordial Qi.
The scripture particularly emphasizes these methods as "secret lineage transmissions" requiring oral instruction from a master. For instance, the flying serpent transformation enables concealment within vegetation, while the earthen mound technique makes one appear like a mountain.
Each transformation technique corresponds to specific Bagua directions and Five Phases (Wuxing) attributes. By achieving "union with Qi" (merging with cosmic energy), one attains the effect of "remaining unseen by others." These cultivation methods embody the Daoist ideal of "perfecting both form and spirit" (xingshen jumiao) in spiritual practice.
The Shangqing Danjing Daojing Yindi Bashu Jing (Upper Clarity Scripture of Daoist Essence and the Eight Hidden Earth Techniques) describes two methods of invisibility and disaster avoidance from the "Eight Hidden Earth Techniques":
The first method for avoiding calamities from the Zhen palace (East):
1. First flee to the Dui palace (West). Draw the Zhen palace talisman (fulu) on your left rib and the Dui palace talisman on your mouth.
2. Stand facing west, visualizing yourself transforming into a white tiger enveloped in swirling clouds of Qi.
3. Hold your breath twelve times, click your teeth eight times, then three times invoke the Purple Clarity Emperor (Ziqing Dijun), praying to become invisible in the shade of Mount Hua and escape eastern disasters.
4. Visualize fully becoming the white tiger, its fur as your robe, distancing yourself from the nine calamities as you ascend to immortal realms.
5. Finally swallow twelve mouthfuls of Qi and rush toward Mount Hua - you'll then transform into an invisible white tiger.
The second method for avoiding Xun palace (Southeast) disasters:
1. Flee to the Gen palace (Northeast). Draw the Xun palace talisman on your abdomen and the Gen palace talisman on both hands.
2. Stand facing northeast, visualizing your transformation into a blue ox covered in cloud-like Qi.
3. Hold your breath twenty-four times, click your teeth nine times, then three times invoke the Purple Clarity Emperor to request transformation into the blue ox.
4. Imagine ascending through the nine heavens with the clouds, swallow twenty-four mouthfuls of Qi before proceeding to the Gen palace.
5. Your form will then become concealed, ascending to the Supreme Non-being (Taiwu), the highest realm of emptiness.
The scripture notes all eight invisibility techniques require first ingesting the Purple Clarity Jade Talisman (an elixir) while silently contemplating secret incantations (yinhui). This allows celestial Qi to envelop your body while terrestrial Qi supports your form, with mist encircling you for shape-shifting at will and calamity prevention. Immortals like the Yellow Emperor (Huangdi) and Pengzu mastered these methods - some for evading enemies, others for longevity. However, the text emphasizes these must be transmitted orally by a master (kouchuan), as improper disclosure not only nullifies efficacy but incurs divine punishment.
(Note: The "▲▲" symbols represent secret deity names in Daoist incantations that require direct master-disciple transmission.)
This passage expounds the Shangqing (Highest Clarity) tradition's methods and incantations for cultivating the "Eight Hidden Techniques of Earth Concealment." The core teachings include:
1. Practice Warnings: Practitioners whose ancestors suffered calamities across seven generations must exercise special caution, as these esoteric methods cannot be casually transmitted to others.
2. Foundational Practice: One must master the sixteen-character mantra transformed from the Nine Heavens' secret incantations, along with the revealed names corresponding to each celestial palace. Only by comprehending these hidden names can adepts elevate their cultivation. Through ingesting talismanic writings, they gradually attain bodily transformation, ultimately achieving abilities like invisibility, shape-shifting, and ascension to the Great Purity (Taiqing) realm.
3. Cultivation Methods:
- Observe purification rituals in meditation chambers during eight solar terms (Beginning of Spring, Spring Equinox, etc.)
- Ingest the "Jade Talisman of Soaring Numen" while visualizing the true names of the Eight Palace Jade Emperors
- Recite the sixteen-character mantra in proper sequence
- After eight years of sustained practice, one will perceive the true forms of the Eight Luminaries, commune with subtle energies, journey through the eight palaces, and finally ascend to the Jade Dawn celestial realm
4. Operational Details:
Following the "Three-Five Blending" technique, begin from the Gen Palace (northeast) and proceed through all eight directions:
- Face specific orientations at each palace, invoking the Jade Emperor's name three times (e.g. "Great ▲" for Gen Palace)
- Recite corresponding aspirations (e.g. "May I attain concealment and hidden form")
- Progress through the Wood Palace, Lesser Yang Palace, Mysterious Palace, Life Palace, Yang Palace, Lesser Yin Palace, Opening Palace, and Yin Palace
5. Completion Ritual:
After traversing all eight palaces, sit facing east while swallowing twenty-four breaths of Qi. Silently recite the prayer: "The Supreme commands, all spirits reverently follow..." expressing veneration to the Eight Palace Jade Emperors and seeking communion with true numinous beings. Eight years of dedicated practice yields the supernatural ability of "sitting in visibility yet standing in disappearance" (instantaneous invisibility).
Note: The "▲" symbol in the text represents an esoteric character from the original scripture. Each of the eight palaces corresponds to a trigram direction with distinct functions—concealment, flight, transformation, etc. This exemplifies characteristic Shangqing visualization practice, combining contemplative visualization, talismanic ingestion, and incantation recitation.
This passage elucidates the essential techniques and transmission protocols from the Shangqing Danjing Daojing Yindi Bashu Jing (Upper Clarity Scripture of Daoist Essence and Hidden Earth Eight Techniques).
When cultivating these methods, divine beings will descend to guide practitioners, assisting them in attaining the rank of Immortal Ministers in the Purple Court (a Daoist celestial realm). Mastering this supreme Daoist art in its entirety grants access to the most profound techniques. Additionally, there are eight sets of secret talismanic characters totaling sixteen words that enhance cultivation when used in conjunction. While ascension primarily depends on refining internal Qi (vital energy), external methods may be employed during calamities—hence the importance of cultivating both internal and external practices.
The scripture mentions that the sacred names of the Eight Palace True Sovereign Dao-Lords (high-ranking deities) are concealed in divine spaces like the Jade Clarity's Gem Chamber and the Golden Orchid Purple Chamber. The Nine Mysteries True Immortals (high-level transcendents) commanded their disciples to compile the plain chapters (scriptural texts), which were then entrusted to the Jade Dawn High Sage Lord (a senior celestial official). Transmission of this method requires seven full years and is exclusively granted to those with immortal bone structure whose names are recorded in the Golden Tower (the celestial register of immortals), following the strict ceremonial protocols outlined in the Four Extremes Bright Precepts (Daoist disciplinary code).
For the transmission ceremony, eight taels of purple gold and eighty feet of crimson-patterned silk must be offered as tokens of faith, with disciples kneeling to receive the secret formulas. These true hidden techniques are not meant for casual dissemination to ordinary ears. Improper transmission to unworthy recipients brings punishment upon seven generations of ancestors—condemned to carry stones from Mount Meng to fill the Night River—while the transmitter themselves will suffer the Eight Calamities of Wind and Blade. Thus, utmost caution is imperative!
The text concludes by revealing that when the Great Ultimate Perfected Being (a high-level transcendent) originally practiced these eight techniques, they were accompanied by recitations of thirty-nine scripture chapters, with ten thousand repetitions yielding optimal results. Such cultivation allows one's voice to resonate directly in the Jade Clarity Realm (the highest heaven), summoning myriad deities to pay homage. Eight years of sustained practice enables free travel through the Jade Clarity celestial palaces.
Source text: Kanripo 漢籍リポジトリ(KR5g0168); Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0 · Report an error / feedback