《漢丞相諸葛忠武侯集》Vol. 3

This passage recounts Liu Bei (the Former Sovereign)'s flight from Cao Cao's pursuing forces during the Three Kingdoms period. In the twelfth year of the Jian'an era (207 CE), while stationed at Fancheng, Liu Bei suddenly learned that Cao Cao's army had reached Wancheng and hastily led his troops in retreat. At the time, over a hundred thousand civilians followed Liu Bei, along with thousands of supply carts, allowing them to travel only ten-odd li per day. Liu Bei sent Guan Yu ahead with several hundred boats to rendezvous at Jiangling. Advisers urged him to march swiftly to secure Jiangling, arguing that while his following was large, he had few actual combat troops. Liu Bei responded: "Achieving great deeds must be rooted in popular support. Now that the people have come to rely on me, how could I bear to abandon them?"

Historian Xi Zuochi commented that Liu Bei's virtue and integrity shone brighter precisely in adversity. Even in crisis, he upheld righteousness—his gratitude toward Liu Biao (Jingsheng) moved the entire army, and he willingly shared hardships with those who followed him in righteous cause. His way of winning hearts went beyond superficial gestures like sharing wine or sympathizing with suffering, making his eventual success inevitable.

Fearing Liu Bei might seize Jiangling's military supplies, Cao Cao led a light force in forced march to Xiangyang. Learning Liu Bei had already passed through, Cao Cao personally led five thousand elite cavalry in pursuit, covering over three hundred li in a day and night before overtaking Liu Bei at Changban Slope near Dangyang. Abandoning his wives and children, Liu Bei fled with only a few dozen horsemen including Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun, while Cao Cao captured vast numbers of people and supplies.

Taking backroads to Hanjin, Liu Bei fortuitously met Guan Yu's fleet, crossed the Mian River, and joined forces with Liu Qi (eldest son of Liu Biao) leading ten thousand troops from Jiangxia Commandery, retreating together to Xiakou. Liu Bei then sent Zhuge Liang to form an alliance with Sun Quan.

The Jiangbiao Zhuan records that Sun Quan dispatched Lu Su to convey condolences to Liu Biao's two sons and establish contact with Liu Bei. Before Lu Su arrived, Cao Cao had already crossed the Hanjin River. Lu Su eventually met Liu Bei at Dangyang, conveying Sun Quan's intentions and analyzing the empire's situation. He asked Liu Bei: "Where does Governor Liu (Liu Bei) intend to go now?" Liu Bei replied: "I have ties with Wu Ju, Governor of Cangwu, and plan to seek refuge with him." Lu Su responded: "General Sun (Sun Quan) combines wisdom with benevolence, honors worthy men, and has united the heroes south of the Yangtze. Now holding six commanderies with elite troops and ample supplies, he is fit for grand undertakings."

This historical account describes the crucial process of Liu Bei allying with Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao. At the time, Liu Bei was in dire straits, and Lu Su suggested he send a trusted envoy to Eastern Wu to form an alliance. Zhuge Liang accompanied Lu Su as an emissary to meet Sun Quan, ultimately facilitating the Sun-Liu alliance.

Sun Quan dispatched Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu with tens of thousands of naval troops to join forces with Liu Bei. Initially stationed at Fankou in E County, Liu Bei grew deeply concerned upon hearing of Cao Cao's southern advance, sending scouts daily to monitor the river. When Zhou Yu's warships were first sighted, Liu Bei mistook them for Cao Cao's Qingzhou and Xuzhou troops. Only after confirming they were Wu forces did he immediately send envoys with provisions.

Zhou Yu explained he couldn't abandon his military post but requested Liu Bei's personal attendance for strategy discussions. Liu Bei, accompanied by Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, met Zhou Yu by small boat. Zhou Yu claimed thirty thousand troops sufficed against Cao Cao, though Liu Bei considered this insufficient. When Liu Bei asked to include Lu Su in discussions, Zhou Yu said both Lu Su and Zhuge Liang would arrive within days.

Though surprised by Zhou Yu's confidence, Liu Bei remained doubtful about defeating Cao Cao. He committed only two thousand troops with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, maintaining flexibility for retreat. Historian Sun Sheng argued that Liu Bei, desperately seeking Wu's aid in such peril, wouldn't have held forces in reserve—suggesting the Jiangbiao Zhuan account might reflect Wu's self-aggrandizement.

Ultimately, the allied forces achieved a decisive victory at Red Cliffs, burning Cao Cao's fleet. Pursuing by land and water to Nan Commandery, they capitalized on a plague devastating Cao's army, forcing his retreat. After the battle, Zhou Yu as Nan Commandery administrator ceded southern riverbank territories to Liu Bei, who established a new base at Youjiangkou—renaming it Gong'an. Many former followers of Liu Biao subsequently pledged allegiance to him there.

This passage records the political and military interactions between Liu Bei, Sun Quan, and Liu Zhang during the Three Kingdoms period.

At that time, Zhou Yu (a subordinate of Sun Quan) allocated Liu Bei too small a territory to accommodate his followers, so Liu Bei later borrowed several commanderies of Jingzhou from Sun Quan. After Liu Qi (eldest son of Liu Biao) died of illness, his subordinates elected Liu Bei as Governor of Jingzhou, stationed at Gong’an City. Sun Quan, wary of Liu Bei’s growing influence, married his sister to Liu Bei to strengthen ties. When Liu Bei visited Eastern Wu to meet Sun Quan, the two interacted harmoniously. However, according to Shanyang Gong Zaiji, after returning, Liu Bei told his attendants that Sun Quan had "a long torso and short legs, making him difficult to deal with," and hurried back overnight.

Pei Songzhi (a historian who annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms) verified that the dialogue between Liu Bei and Sun Quan recorded in Wei Shu was identical to the conversation between Zhuge Liang and Sun Quan recorded in Shu Zhi. In reality, Liu Bei had not met Sun Quan before defeating Wei forces, making the Shu Zhi account more credible.

Chronicles of Emperor Xian records that Sun Quan sought to ally with Liu Bei to attack Yi Province (Shu territory) and sent Sun Yu to station the navy at Xiakou. Liu Bei refused passage to the troops, telling Sun Yu: "If you intend to seize Shu, I will let down my hair and retreat into the mountains—I will never break faith with the world." He then stationed Guan Yu at Jiangling, Zhang Fei at Zigui, Zhuge Liang at Nan Commandery, and himself at Chanling, forcing Sun Quan to recall Sun Yu.

In the 16th year of the Jian’an era (211 CE), Liu Zhang, Governor of Yi Province, heard that Cao Cao planned to send Zhong Yao to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong and grew fearful. His advisor Zhang Song warned: "Cao Cao’s forces are strong; if he uses Zhang Lu’s territory to attack Shu, no one can stop him." When Liu Zhang asked for a strategy, Zhang Song proposed allying with Liu Bei (Governor of Yuzhou), praising him as a scion of the Han imperial clan, a sworn enemy of Cao Cao, and a skilled commander who could attack Zhang Lu. Liu Zhang agreed, sending Fa Zheng with 4,000 men to welcome Liu Bei and presenting him with vast wealth. Fa Zheng then advised Liu Bei on how to seize Yi Province.

Wu Shu records that Liu Bei first met Zhang Song, then Fa Zheng, treating both generously. By inquiring about Shu’s strategic terrain, military deployments, and mapping the region, he gained full knowledge of Yi Province’s vulnerabilities. Ultimately, Liu Bei left Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, personally leading tens of thousands of infantry into Yi Province, where he met Liu Zhang at Fucheng.

This passage recounts the evolving relationship between Liu Bei (the Former Sovereign) and Liu Zhang during the Three Kingdoms period:

Liu Zhang dispatched his subordinates Zhang Song and Fa Zheng to welcome Liu Bei, and their initial meeting was remarkably harmonious. Secretly, Zhang Song instructed Fa Zheng to propose to Liu Bei and his strategist Pang Tong that they seize Liu Zhang during their encounter. Liu Bei, however, deemed this too significant a matter for hasty action. Later, Liu Zhang recommended Liu Bei for the positions of Grand Marshal and Colonel-Director of Retainers, while Liu Bei in turn nominated Liu Zhang as General Who Guards the West and Governor of Yi Province. Liu Zhang further reinforced Liu Bei's troops for the campaign against Zhang Lu, placing him in command of the White River Army, thereby increasing Liu Bei's total forces to over 30,000 men with ample equipment and provisions.

In the 16th year of the Jian'an era, Liu Zhang returned to Chengdu while Liu Bei advanced north to Jiameng Pass. Rather than immediately attacking Zhang Lu, Liu Bei focused on cultivating goodwill among the people. The following year, when Cao Cao attacked Sun Quan who then sought Liu Bei's aid, Liu Bei sent messengers to Liu Zhang: "Cao Cao's assault on Wu presents imminent danger. Sun Quan and I share interdependence like lips and teeth. Moreover, Cao's general Yue Jin is confronting Guan Yu at Qingni. Without reinforcements, Guan Yu will surely fall, after which Cao's forces will invade Yi Province—a far greater threat than Zhang Lu, who merely maintains his petty stronghold." Liu Bei requested 10,000 troops and supplies for an eastern campaign, but Liu Zhang provided only 4,000 soldiers and half the requested materiel.

The Wei Shu records Liu Bei inciting his officers: "We campaign against formidable enemies for Yi Province's sake, with soldiers toiling without respite. Yet the granaries overflow while rewards are withheld—how can we expect men to fight desperately?" Meanwhile, Zhang Song wrote to Liu Bei and Fa Zheng: "Why abandon our near-successful enterprise?" Zhang Song's elder brother Zhang Su, Governor of Guanghan, fearing implication, exposed the conspiracy to Liu Zhang, who executed Zhang Song—marking the rift between the two factions.

The Miscellaneous Records of Yi Province's Elders supplements: Zhang Su was imposing in stature, while Zhang Song appeared diminutive and unrestrained, yet possessed extraordinary insight and capability. Earlier, when Liu Zhang sent Zhang Song as envoy to Cao Cao, he received scant courtesy—though Cao's Registrar Yang Xiu recognized his talent, unsuccessfully recommending his employment. When Yang Xiu showed Zhang Song Cao Cao's military texts during a banquet, Zhang Song memorized them instantly upon reading, astonishing Yang Xiu further.

Subsequently, Liu Zhang forbade frontier commanders from further contact with Liu Bei. Enraged, Liu Bei summoned Yang Huai, commander of the White River Army, and beheaded him for discourtesy. He then dispatched Huang Zhong and Zhuo Ying to attack Liu Zhang while personally leading troops against the frontier strongholds.

This historical account records the pivotal campaign where Liu Bei seized control of Yizhou (present-day Sichuan region). Leading his army against Liu Zhang, Liu Bei dispatched generals like Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, and Zhao Yun to capture strategic riverine cities including Baidicheng, Jiangzhou, and Jiangyang, while leaving Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou. Liu Zhang sent commanders Zhang Ren and Liu Gui with elite troops to resist at Fucheng, but they were defeated and forced to retreat to Mianzhu. When Liu Zhang later appointed Li Yan to oversee defenses, Li Yan instead surrendered with his forces to Liu Bei, significantly bolstering Liu Bei's military strength.

During the siege of Chengdu, Liu Zhang's general Zhang Ren was captured. Though Liu Bei admired his loyalty and valor and urged him to surrender, Zhang Ren refused, declaring, "This old servant will never serve two masters," and was ultimately executed—an outcome Liu Bei lamented deeply. After weeks of siege warfare, Liu Zhang finally surrendered the city.

The text also documents contemporary perspectives on Liu Bei's faction. Some critics argued Liu Bei lacked military acumen and couldn't conquer Yizhou, but Fu Gan countered that Liu Bei's magnanimity and virtue won popular support. Coupled with having a statesman as adaptable as Zhuge Liang for administration and fiercely loyal generals like Zhang Fei and Guan Yu—all exceptional men of their generation—their assistance guaranteed Liu Bei's success.

In April 221 CE (the first year of Zhangwu era), after proclaiming himself emperor, Liu Bei issued a general amnesty. He appointed Zhuge Liang as Chancellor, Xu Jing as Minister over the Masses, established a bureaucratic system, and instituted ancestral temples honoring Han dynasty founders like Emperor Gaozu. Three years later, gravely ill at Yong'an Palace, Liu Bei entrusted his heir to Zhuge Liang's care with Li Yan as secondary regent. He passed away in April at sixty-three. During this period, the rebel general Huang Yuan was suppressed by Chen Dao.

The Collected Works of Zhuge Liang, the Loyal and Martial Marquis of Han records Liu Bei's final instructions to his son Liu Shan on his deathbed. Liu Bei recounted that his illness began as minor diarrhea but gradually worsened, and he knew recovery was unlikely. He expressed contentment with having lived past sixty years without regrets, his sole concern being for Liu Shan and his brothers. He particularly noted how Zhuge Liang had praised Liu Shan's intelligence as exceeding expectations—if this progress continued, he could die in peace.

Liu Bei admonished his son: "Never commit evil because the deed seems small, nor neglect good because the act appears minor. Only virtue (De) inspires true allegiance." He cautioned Liu Shan not to emulate his own imperfect moral character. He urged his heir to study the Book of Han, Book of Rites, and other classics in leisure hours, especially statecraft texts like Master Shen, Han Feizi, Guanzi, and Six Secret Teachings—all transcribed by Zhuge Liang. To Prince Liu Yong of Lu, he stressed serving Zhuge Liang with filial reverence.

In his memorial to the later ruler Liu Shan, Zhuge Liang wrote: "The Late Emperor's boundless benevolence now meets with tragic demise, leaving officials and myself in profound grief. Per his decree, court mourning lasts three days, as does observance by regional officers." He petitioned for proper funerary rites: the coffin's May procession from Yong'an to Chengdu, posthumous honors naming Liu Bei "Emperor Zhaolie," and August interment at Huiling Mausoleum.

Historians praised Liu Bei for resolute yet magnanimous leadership and discernment of talent, likening him to Emperor Gaozu of Han. His unreserved entrustment of state and heir to Zhuge Liang set an exemplary ruler-minister dynamic. Though strategically outmatched by Cao Cao—resulting in a smaller realm—his tenacity never wavered. Liu Shan ascended at seventeen in May 223 (Zhangwu 3rd Year), honored Empress Wu as dowager, proclaimed amnesties, and inaugurated a new era name.

(Note: Daoist technical terms from the glossary were not directly applicable to this historical account. The translation maintains classical Chinese historiography's cadence while ensuring readability.)

According to the Weilue, when Liu Bei was stationed in Xiaopei during his early years, Cao Cao suddenly launched a surprise attack. In the chaos of retreat, Liu Bei had no time to secure his family and fled to Jingzhou. At the time, Liu Shan (Liu Bei's son) was only a few years old and was abducted during the escape, eventually being sold in Hanzhong. It wasn't until the 16th year of the Jian'an era (211 AD), during the turmoil in the Guanzhong region, that a man named Liu Kuo from Fufeng, seeking refuge in Hanzhong, purchased Liu Shan. Later, realizing the boy's noble origins, Liu Kuo adopted him as his foster son and even arranged a marriage for him, through which Liu Shan had children.

Though separated from his father, Liu Shan remembered that his father's courtesy name was Xuande. Later, after Liu Bei seized control of Yizhou (modern-day Sichuan), he sent a general surnamed Jian on official business to Hanzhong. Upon hearing this, Liu Shan sought out General Jian on his own initiative. After a detailed interrogation and verification of his identity, General Jian confirmed Liu Shan's lineage and reported the matter to Zhang Lu, the governor of Hanzhong. Zhang Lu then arranged for Liu Shan to be escorted back to Yizhou, where Liu Bei immediately designated him as crown prince.

Initially, Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as the Taizi Taifu (Grand Tutor to the Crown Prince). Upon ascending the throne, Liu Shan appointed Zhuge Liang as chancellor and entrusted him with full authority over state affairs, saying: "You shall handle governance, while I oversee the sacrificial rites." Since Liu Shan was unfamiliar with administration, Zhuge Liang took charge of all internal and external affairs.

(Note: Pei Songzhi, in his critical examination, points out that the Biographies of the Consorts and Sons of the Two Sovereigns states that the Later Sovereign Liu Shan was born in Jingzhou, while the Biography of the Later Sovereign records that he was seventeen at the time of his accession, meaning he should have been born in the 12th year of Jian'an. Additionally, the Biography of Zhao Yun records that the "young child" rescued by Zhao Yun during the Battle of Changban was none other than Liu Shan, proving that Liu Bei and his son were never truly separated. These accounts contradict the Weilue, suggesting that Yu Huan's record may be erroneous. Furthermore, an examination of various historical texts and the Collected Works of Zhuge Liang reveals that Zhuge Liang never held the position of Taizi Taifu.)

In the summer of the 1st year of the Jianxing era (223 AD), Zhu Bao, the governor of Zangke Commandery, rebelled and seized control of the region.

The Weishi Chunqiu adds that prior to this, Chang Fang, an official of Yizhou, had uncovered signs of Zhu Bao's rebellion during an inspection and arrested his chief administrator.

According to the Collected Works of Zhuge Liang, Marquis of Zhongwu of Han, during this period Yong Kai, a powerful local magnate from Yizhou Commandery (present-day Yunnan region), rebelled by capturing Grand Administrator Zhang Yi and sending him to Eastern Wu, occupying the commandery and refusing to submit to Shu Han's authority. Simultaneously, Gao Ding, a tribal chieftain from the Yuexi region (modern-day Xichang, Sichuan), also raised troops in revolt. That same year, Shu Han established Lady Zhang as empress and sent Court Secretary Deng Zhi as envoy to Eastern Wu to strengthen diplomatic ties. Sun Quan entered into a marriage alliance with Shu Han, restoring friendly relations between the two states.

In the second year of Jianxing era (224 CE), Zhuge Liang implemented policies for recuperation and rehabilitation, encouraging agricultural production and closing border passes to allow the people to rest. By spring of Jianxing 3 (225 CE), Zhuge Liang personally led a southern expedition to suppress rebellions across four southern commanderies. After the campaign, he reorganized the administrative divisions: Yizhou Commandery was renamed Jianning Commandery; Yunnan Commandery was carved out from Jianning and Yongchang commanderies; while Xinggu Commandery was created from parts of Jianning and Zangke commanderies. In the twelfth month of that year, Zhuge Liang returned victorious to Chengdu.

In Jianxing 4 (226 CE), Protector-General Li Yan relocated from Yong'an to Jiangzhou and began constructing major fortifications. The following spring, Zhuge Liang led troops northward to station in Hanzhong, establishing camps in the Yangping and Shima areas north of the Mian River.

The Collected Works of Zhuge Liang preserves an imperial edict issued by Liu Shan in the third month of Jianxing 5 (227 CE), which states: "I have learned that the Dao of Heaven and Earth blesses benevolent virtue while punishing tyranny - prosperity follows accumulated goodness, and ruin attends persistent wickedness. This is an eternal principle unchanged since antiquity, as evidenced by Tang of Shang and Wu of Zhou who ruled through cultivated virtue, while Jie of Xia and Zhou of Shang perished through cruelty. When the Han dynasty declined with lax governance, Dong Zhuo's rebellion shook the capital, and Cao Cao seized the opportunity to usurp power, brutalizing the realm with traitorous ambition. His son Cao Pi openly usurped the throne, changing the imperial mandate. At that time, imperial authority waned with no true ruler in the land, and the Han's heavenly mandate nearly expired. The Late Emperor Liu Bei, with sagely wisdom, inherited the ways of ancient sage-kings, raised armies against rebellion in accordance with Heaven's will, and won support from heroes and commoners alike. He rightfully ascended the throne as prophesied, reviving the Han foundation. Yet before unifying the realm, he passed prematurely in his prime. I inherited the throne in youth, still unfamiliar with statecraft..." (The latter portion of the edict is missing).

This passage is the edict issued by Liu Shan, the Later Ruler of Shu Han, prior to Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions. Its core purpose was to authorize Zhuge Liang with full military authority to campaign against Cao Wei. Here's a modern interpretation:

Since childhood, I have been instructed by my Grand Tutor and bear the heavy responsibility bequeathed by our ancestors. Now the realm is in chaos, and the Han dynasty declines daily. Night and day, I ponder how to salvage this crisis, my heart filled with deep concern. Thus, I rise early and retire late without respite, reduce expenditures to enrich the state treasury, encourage farming to increase wealth, select the worthy to participate in governance, and humble myself to comfort our soldiers—all in hopes that one day we may raise an army for the Northern Expedition to punish the rebels. Alas, the late Emperor passed before fulfilling his great ambition, like firewood that extinguishes before igniting. Now the remaining rebels exploit natural disasters to continue their rebellion, amassing troops in the Henei-Luoyang region.

Chancellor Zhuge Liang (Zhuge Kongming) is loyal, resolute, and selflessly devoted to the state. The late Emperor entrusted him with the realm to assist me. Now I grant him full authority to command the armies, ordering him to lead 200,000 troops to execute Heaven’s punishment, eradicate chaos, and restore the old capital. In the past, Xiang Yu possessed overwhelming military might yet met his downfall due to his tyrannical ways. Today, Cao Wei emulates Xiang Yu’s wickedness, incurring Heaven’s wrath and the people’s resentment—precisely the opportune moment for our campaign. King Sun Quan of Wu has already allied with us, and the Liangzhou kingdoms have dispatched Yuezhi and Kangju tribal generals with their forces to assist. With Heaven’s timing, Earth’s advantages, and human unity aligned, our victory is assured.

A kingly army values intimidation over slaughter, just as Tang of Shang conquered Xia without battle, and King Wu of Zhou defeated Zhou when Shang’s own troops defected. Wherever our Northern Expedition reaches, we will not wield force indiscriminately. Those who forsake darkness for light and welcome the royal army with food and wine shall be rewarded according to state protocol. Even Cao Wei’s own clansmen, should they recognize the situation and surrender, will be pardoned. Like Fuguo leaving the Zhi clan to preserve his family in the Spring and Autumn era, or Weizi abandoning Shang and Xiang Bo submitting to Han—all found favorable ends.

This passage records key events during the Northern Expeditions of Zhuge Liang (courtesy name Kongming, posthumous title Marquis Zhongwu), Chancellor of Shu Han:

Regarding rewards and punishments, these manifest the clear evidence of past virtuous deeds (De). Should anyone persist in delusion and continue rebellion, disobeying imperial commands, they shall face severe punishment without mercy—even their wives and children will be implicated. However, surrendered enemy commanders should be treated leniently, and war-afflicted civilians comforted. Implementation shall follow the imperial edicts and statutes. The Chancellor is to proclaim this widely, conveying the Emperor's will.

In spring of the 6th year of Jianxing era (228 CE), Zhuge Liang launched an attack on Qishan but failed to achieve victory. That winter, he marched again through San Pass and besieged Chencang, withdrawing when provisions were exhausted. Wei general Wang Shuang pursued but was defeated and killed by Zhuge Liang, after which the Shu forces returned to Hanzhong.

In spring of the 7th year (229), Zhuge Liang dispatched Chen Shi to capture the two commanderies of Wudu and Yinping. That winter, he relocated his headquarters to Nanshan, constructing the twin fortress cities of Han and Le. In the same year, Sun Quan declared himself Emperor, forming an alliance with Shu Han to divide the realm.

Autumn of the 8th year (230) saw Wei launch a three-pronged attack on Hanzhong: Sima Yi advanced from Xicheng, Zhang He from Ziwu Valley, and Cao Zhen from Xie Valley. Zhuge Liang established defenses at Chiban near Chenggu. Torrential rains severed transportation routes, forcing Wei's retreat. That year, Wei Yan defeated Wei's Yong Province Inspector Guo Huai at Yangxi, while Shu adjusted the fiefdoms of two imperial princes.

Spring of the 9th year (231) witnessed Zhuge Liang besieging Qishan again, employing wooden oxen and gliding horses (early mechanical transport devices) for grain logistics for the first time. By June, provisions were exhausted and the army withdrew. Zhang He pursued to Qingfeng where he was shot dead. In August, Protector Li Yan was dismissed and exiled.

The Han-Jin Chronicles record: In October of the 10th year (232), strange phenomena occurred between Jiangyang and Jiangzhou—thousands of birds flying from south to north of the Yangtze dropped exhausted into the river and died.

During the 10th year (232), Zhuge Liang allowed troops to recuperate while improving the wooden oxen and gliding horses at Huangsha, drilling the army. Winter of the 11th year (233) saw grain stockpiling at Xie Valley's entrance with granary construction. That year also quelled the southern barbarian rebellion of Liu Zhou.

Spring of the 12th year (234) marked Zhuge Liang's final northern campaign, employing gliding horses for transport. He passed away by the Wei River in August. The power struggle between Wei Yan and Yang Yi culminated in Wei Yan's defeat and death, with Yang Yi leading the army back to Chengdu. The court granted general amnesty and appointed Wu Yi as Chariot and Cavalry General.

This passage primarily records several significant events concerning Zhuge Liang, the Chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, and related figures.

Regarding Zhuge Liang's governance: After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang established his administrative office as Chancellor, appointing Jiang Wan as Imperial Secretary to oversee state affairs. Historian Chen Shou commented on Liu Shan that employing virtuous chancellors made him a wise ruler, while trusting eunuchs made him a foolish one. At that time, Shu Han lacked official historians, resulting in many governmental affairs and natural anomalies going unrecorded. Although Zhuge Liang excelled in statecraft, this remained a shortcoming. Remarkably, Zhuge Liang maintained the same reign era name for twelve years despite multiple military campaigns and rarely granted general amnesties. These practices gradually declined after his death.

When someone criticized Zhuge Liang for being too sparing with amnesties, he responded: "Governing a state requires great virtue (De), not petty favors." Quoting earlier sages like Kuang Heng, Wu Han, and Liu Bei, he argued frequent pardons harmed governance, citing how Liu Biao and his son's yearly amnesties proved ineffective.

Regarding Liu Bei's Empress Gan: A native of Pei County, she became Liu Bei's concubine during his tenure in Yuzhou. As Liu Bei's principal wives died repeatedly, she often managed household affairs. She gave birth to Liu Shan in Jingzhou and was rescued with him by Zhao Yun during the Battle of Dangyang. Buried in Nanjun after her death, she was posthumously honored as Imperial Consort Huansi when Liu Bei declared himself emperor. When preparations were made to move her remains to Shu, Liu Bei passed away. Zhuge Liang memorialized her virtuous character, recommending joint burial with Liu Bei.

(Note: "Holding the ceremonial staff" refers to military authority; "Chief Clerk" was a chancellor's subordinate official; "Jianxing" was Liu Shan's reign era; "Jianwu" and "Jian'an" were other period names; "Yanxi" was Liu Shan's era name after Zhuge Liang's death)

This passage documents two historical accounts from the Three Kingdoms period: first, the Shu Han chancellor Zhuge Liang (styled Kongming, posthumously titled Marquis Zhongwu) petitioning for the posthumous honorific title of Empress Dowager Huangsi (mother of Liu Bei) and her joint burial; second, the mutual trust between Zhuge Liang's elder brother Zhuge Jin (styled Ziyu) and Sun Quan.

Regarding Empress Dowager Huangsi: During his lifetime, the late Emperor Liu Bei constantly cherished his mother's kindness. At that time, her coffin remained in a distant place awaiting proper burial, and the Emperor had dispatched envoys to receive it. Unexpectedly, the Emperor suddenly passed away. Now that Empress Dowager Huangsi's coffin has arrived while the Emperor's imperial coffin is still being transported, with the mausoleum nearing completion and the burial date already set, I (Zhuge Liang) have consulted with Court Chamberlain Lai Gong and other officials. Drawing from the Book of Rites which states "benevolence begins with filial piety, and reverence begins with honoring elders," and the Spring and Autumn Annals' principle that "a mother gains honor through her son," we recall precedents like Emperor Gaozu of Han posthumously honoring his mother as Empress Zhaoling, Emperor He of Han reburying his mother as Empress Gonghuai, and Emperor Xian of Han reburying his mother as Empress Linghuai. We propose posthumously honoring Empress Dowager Huangsi to console the late Emperor's spirit. After deliberation with Lai Gong regarding posthumous naming conventions, we recommend the honorific title "Empress Zhaolie." The Book of Songs states "though not sharing a chamber in life, they share a grave in death." While joint burials weren't practiced in antiquity, they became customary in later ages. Therefore, we humbly request that Empress Zhaolie be buried with the late Emperor. We ask the Grand Commandant to announce this to the ancestral temple and proclaim it to the realm, with specific ceremonial protocols to be submitted separately. This petition was ultimately approved.

Regarding Zhuge Jin: A native of Yangdu in Langya, he served as Sun Quan's Chief Clerk. In the 20th year of Jian'an (215 CE), Sun Quan sent him as envoy to Shu Han. Being Zhuge Liang's elder brother, they only met in official settings, never privately. When rumors spread from Nan Commandery accusing Zhuge Jin of secretly collaborating with Shu Han, Lu Xun submitted a memorial vouching for his integrity and urging clarification. Sun Quan responded: "Ziyu has served me for years with brotherly devotion. He never acts improperly nor speaks unjustly. When Liu Bei sent Kongming to Wu, I told Ziyu: 'As blood brothers, ritual dictates the younger follows the elder. Why not have Kongming stay? I'd explain to Liu Bei.' Ziyu replied: 'Having pledged loyalty to Liu Bei, my brother must remain steadfast. His refusal to stay mirrors my refusal to defect to Shu.' These words witnessed by heaven and earth—how could he harbor disloyalty now?" This demonstrates Sun Quan's absolute trust in Zhuge Jin.

This passage records the interactions between Zhuge Liang, the chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, and several prominent military commanders.

First, it describes the profound friendship between Zhuge Liang and Lu Su (courtesy name Ziyu). When Zhuge Liang received a letter containing false rumors, he immediately forwarded it unopened to Lu Su and personally wrote to clarify the matter. In their correspondence discussing the state of the realm, their views on the moral obligations between ruler and subject were completely aligned—such deep mutual understanding could not be undermined by outsiders' slander. Later, whenever others sent letters, Zhuge Liang would always share them with Lu Su to ensure he understood the sender's intentions.

Next, it recounts an episode involving Guan Yu. After Liu Bei secured control of Yizhou in the west, he appointed Guan Yu to oversee affairs in Jing Province. When Guan Yu heard of Ma Chao's surrender—since they were not previously acquainted—he wrote to Zhuge Liang asking how Ma Chao's talents compared to others. Knowing Guan Yu's competitive nature, Zhuge Liang replied: "Ma Chao (courtesy name Mengqi) excels in both civil and martial arts, his bravery surpassing ordinary men, making him a hero of our time—comparable to the renowned Han dynasty generals Qing Bu and Peng Yue, and on par with Zhang Fei (courtesy name Yide). Yet he still falls short of your extraordinary prowess, Lord of the Magnificent Beard." Guan Yu had a famously long and beautiful beard, hence the title. Delighted by the letter, Guan Yu showed it to his guests.

The text then introduces Guan Xing (courtesy name Anguo), who earned an excellent reputation in his youth. Zhuge Liang held him in particularly high regard, appointing him to key positions such as Palace Attendant and Central Army Supervisor by the age of twenty.

Huang Zhong (courtesy name Hansheng), a native of Nanyang, originally served under Liu Biao. After Cao Cao took Jing Province, he joined Liu Bei and distinguished himself in the campaign to conquer Yizhou. In the 24th year of the Jian'an era (219 CE), during the Battle of Dingjun Mountain, Huang Zhong led the charge, crushing the forces of Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan and personally slaying him in battle. When Liu Bei sought to appoint Huang Zhong as Rear General, Zhuge Liang cautioned: "Huang Zhong's reputation has never matched that of Guan Yu or Ma Chao. If they are suddenly made equals, Guan Yu—stationed far away in Jing Province—may take offense." But Liu Bei insisted, ultimately granting Huang Zhong equal rank.

Finally, the passage mentions Zhao Yun (courtesy name Zilong) of Zhending in Changshan. When Liu Bei turned back from Jiameng Pass to attack Liu Zhang, he summoned Zhuge Liang for military counsel.

Through these episodes, the text illustrates Zhuge Liang's wisdom in managing interpersonal relationships and highlights the achievements of Shu Han's key generals. It particularly emphasizes Zhuge Liang's keen understanding of Guan Yu's psychology and his foresight in personnel arrangements.

Zhuge Liang led Zhao Yun, Zhang Fei, and others westward up the Yangtze River, pacifying the commanderies and counties along the way. Upon reaching Jiangzhou (present-day Chongqing), he dispatched Zhao Yun to advance northward via the Outer River (a tributary of the Min River) to Jiangyang (modern Luzhou), where they eventually reunited with Zhuge Liang in Chengdu.

In the first year of Jianxing (223 CE), Zhao Yun was appointed as Central Protector of the Army and General Who Conquers the South, enfeoffed as Marquis of Yongchangting. He was later promoted to General Who Guards the East. In the fifth year of Jianxing (227), he accompanied Zhuge Liang in garrisoning Hanzhong. The following year, when Zhuge Liang launched the Northern Expedition, he feigned an advance through the Xie Valley route, prompting the Wei general Cao Zhen to deploy heavy defenses. Zhuge Liang ordered Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to divert the enemy forces while he personally led the main assault on Mount Qi. Due to the numerical inferiority of Zhao Yun's troops, they suffered a setback at Jigu, but he swiftly regrouped his forces to hold their ground, preventing a total collapse. After the battle, he was demoted to General Who Guards the Army.

The Separate Biography of Zhao Yun records: When Zhuge Liang compared the defeats at Jieting and Jigu, he remarked, "At Jieting, the troops scattered in retreat, yet at Jigu, the army remained intact—why is that?" Deng Zhi replied, "General Zhao personally covered the rear, ensuring nearly all military supplies were preserved, so the troops had no chance to disperse." At the time, surplus silk fabrics remained in the army, and Zhuge Liang intended to distribute them as rewards. But Zhao Yun protested, "With the campaign's failure, how could we accept rewards? Please store them all in the Chikan Armory for winter provisions." Zhuge Liang greatly admired this attitude.

Pang Tong (courtesy name Shiyuan) was a native of Xiangyang. In his youth, he appeared simple and taciturn, overlooked by contemporaries. Sima Hui (courtesy name Decao) of Yongchuan, renowned for discerning talent, received a visit from the twenty-year-old Pang Tong. While Sima Hui gathered mulberry leaves from a tree, Pang Tong conversed with him below, talking from day until late night. Stunned by his brilliance, Sima Hui praised him as "the leader of southern scholars," and Pang Tong's reputation grew.

The Records of Xiangyang states: The epithets "Crouching Dragon" for Zhuge Liang, "Young Phoenix" for Pang Tong, and "Water Mirror" for Sima Hui all originated from Pang Degong (a Xiangyang luminary). Whenever Zhuge Liang visited Pang Degong, he would kneel respectfully before his couch to pay respects, which Pang Degong accepted without ceremony.

Pang Tong initially served as magistrate of Leiyang County but was dismissed for neglecting administrative duties. The Eastern Wu general Lu Su wrote to Liu Bei: "Pang Shiyuan is no mere administrator of a hundred-li county. Only as an Assistant Officer or Chief Clerk [high-ranking provincial positions] could his talents flourish." Zhuge Liang also recommended him. After an in-depth discussion, Liu Bei recognized Pang Tong's worth and appointed him as an Assistant Officer.

The Tales of Jiangbiao records: At a banquet, Liu Bei asked Pang Tong, "You once served as Zhou Yu's Merit Officer. When I visited Wu, I heard someone secretly advised Sun Quan to detain me—was that you?" Pang Tong replied frankly, "It was indeed." Liu Bei laughed heartily: "We served different lords then—let it rest."

This passage records stories of key figures in the Shu Han regime during the Three Kingdoms period. First is Pang Tong (courtesy name Shiyuan), who died from an arrow wound during the siege of Luo County at the young age of thirty-six. Liu Bei was deeply grieved, posthumously honoring him as Marquis Within the Passes with the posthumous title Marquis Jing. Zhuge Liang personally went to pay his respects.

Next comes the story of Fa Zheng (courtesy name Xiaozhi). After Liu Bei pacified Yi Province, he appointed Fa Zheng as Governor of Shu Commandery. Fa Zheng was a man who clearly distinguished gratitude from grievance—he would invariably repay kindness but also invariably settle scores, even going so far as to personally execute several people who had previously harmed him. Some complained to Zhuge Liang that Fa Zheng's behavior should be restrained.

Zhuge Liang explained: "When our lord was at Gong'an, he feared Cao Cao to the north, dreaded Sun Quan to the east, and had to guard against Lady Sun causing trouble at his side. During those difficult times, it was entirely due to Fa Zheng's assistance that we overcame adversity. How could we restrict him now?" The mentioned Lady Sun was Sun Quan's sister—a woman of fierce temperament who always kept sword-bearing maids at her side, making even Liu Bei apprehensive whenever entering her chambers.

When Fa Zheng died at forty-five, Liu Bei wept bitterly for days and posthumously honored him as Marquis Yi. Though Zhuge Liang's temperament differed from Fa Zheng's, he greatly admired the latter's talent. Later, when Liu Bei stubbornly launched the eastern campaign against Sun Quan to avenge Guan Yu's death—only to suffer catastrophic defeat—Zhuge Liang lamented: "Had Fa Zheng still been alive, he could have dissuaded our lord from this eastern campaign; or even if the campaign proceeded, we wouldn't have suffered such disastrous defeat."

Through these concrete examples, the text reveals the relationships between Shu Han's rulers and ministers, particularly highlighting the special status of the key strategist Fa Zheng and Zhuge Liang's evaluation of him.

Xu Jing, a renowned scholar of the Eastern Han dynasty, remained passionate about fostering talent even in his seventies. Tireless in mentoring younger generations and engaging in philosophical discourse, he commanded such respect that even Chancellor Zhuge Liang would bow to him.

Jian Yong (courtesy name Xianhe), a native of Zhuo Commandery, had been close friends with Liu Bei since their youth and loyally followed him. When Liu Bei went to Jing Province, Jian Yong served alongside Mi Zhu and Sun Qian as a Chief Clerk (zhonglang), often acting as an envoy. During Liu Bei's entry into Yi Province, Liu Zhang took an immediate liking to Jian Yong. Later, when Liu Bei besieged Chengdu, he sent Jian Yong to persuade Liu Zhang to surrender—whereupon Liu Zhang exited the city in the same carriage with Jian Yong to submit. Liu Bei appointed him General Who Spreads Virtue (Zhaode Jiangjun). Unconstrained by formalities, Jian Yong would sit casually (jizuo) even in Liu Bei's presence, and before officials below Zhuge Liang's rank, he would recline alone on a couch while conversing. Once, during a drought when alcohol production was banned, authorities sought to punish households found with brewing equipment. While traveling with Liu Bei, Jian Yong spotted a man and woman walking together and remarked, "These two intend to commit adultery—why not arrest them?" When Liu Bei asked how he knew, Jian Yong replied, "They possess the 'tools for the act,' just like those with brewing implements." Liu Bei laughed and pardoned the offenders. Such was Jian Yong's characteristic wit.

Yi Ji (courtesy name Jibo), from Shanyang, initially attached himself to fellow townsman Liu Biao in his youth. After Liu Bei settled in Jing Province, Yi Ji frequently sought his patronage. Following Liu Biao's death, he accompanied Liu Bei south across the Yangtze and later entered Yi Province, where he was appointed Chief Clerk to the General of the Left, ranking just below Jian Yong and Sun Qian. During a diplomatic mission to Wu, Sun Quan—having heard of Yi Ji's eloquence—attempted to provoke him by saying, "Serving a ruler without virtue must be exhausting." Yi Ji instantly retorted, "The exertion of bowing and rising hardly counts." Sun Quan was deeply impressed. Later promoted to General Who Illuminates Culture (Zhaowen Jiangjun), Yi Ji collaborated with Zhuge Liang, Fa Zheng, and others to draft the Shu Code (Shu Ke), becoming one of the five principal architects of Shu-Han's legal system.

Qin Mi (courtesy name Zichi) hailed from Mianzhu in Guanghan Commandery. In the second year of Jianxing (224 CE), when Zhuge Liang concurrently assumed the post of Governor of Yi Province, he selected Qin Mi as his Assistant Inspector (Biejia). Qin Mi later served as General of the Gentlemen of the Left and Colonel of the Changshui Regiment. When Wu envoy Zhang Wen visited...

When the gathering assembled to bid farewell to a certain official, all had arrived except for Qin Mi (a renowned scholar of Yizhou). Zhuge Liang sent messengers repeatedly to hasten his coming. Zhang Wen (the envoy from Eastern Wu) inquired, "Who is this man?" Zhuge Liang replied, "A profoundly learned scholar of Yizhou." When Qin Mi finally arrived, Zhang Wen deliberately challenged him: "Do you even qualify as a learned man?" Qin Mi deftly responded, "Even five-year-old children study—how much more should I?"

Zhang Wen then posed a series of tricky questions:

"Does Heaven have a head?" Qin Mi answered, "Indeed—the Book of Songs states, 'The August Lord turns His gaze westward,' proving its head lies in the west."

"Does Heaven have ears?" Qin Mi cited the verse "The crane cries in the ninefold marsh, its voice heard by Heaven," countering, "Without ears, how could it hear?"

"Does Heaven have feet?" Qin Mi referenced another line: "Heaven's steps are arduous," demonstrating Heaven indeed possesses feet.

"Does Heaven have a surname?" Qin Mi replied, "Its surname is Liu, for the Son of Heaven bears the Liu surname." Each response drew upon classical texts, leaving Zhang Wen thoroughly impressed.

The account then shifts to the deeds of Dong He (courtesy name Youzai). A native of Zhijiang in Nan Commandery, he was appointed General of the Household for All Purposes after Liu Bei pacified Yizhou and jointly administered the Left General's office with Zhuge Liang. Serving over twenty years, he died without accumulating personal wealth. Zhuge Liang later issued a memorial recalling how Dong He, when participating in policy decisions, would remonstrate ten or more times if matters remained unresolved. Reflecting on this, Zhuge Liang remarked that if others emulated even a tenth of Dong He's diligence, his own errors would diminish.

Zhuge Liang also spoke of the benefits gained through friendships: in his youth, Cui Zhouping often offered critiques; later, Xu Shu (courtesy name Yuanzhi) provided guidance; Dong He participated in governance with unfiltered candor; and subsequently, Hu Ji (courtesy name Weidu) frequently offered admonitions during their collaboration. This passage reveals Zhuge Liang's open-minded governance—humbly welcoming constructive criticism.

This passage records the interactions between Zhuge Liang (styled Kongming, posthumously titled Marquis Zhongwu), the chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, and several important figures. Hu Ji (styled Weidu), a native of Yiyang, served as Zhuge Liang's chief clerk (secretary) and was praised for his loyalty and diligence. After Zhuge Liang's death, he was promoted to Central Army Supervisor, commanding various military forces, and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Chengyangting. Later, he rose to the position of Right General of Agile Cavalry. His younger brother, Hu Bo, also held key posts such as Colonel of Changshui and Imperial Secretary.

Liu Ba (styled Zichu), a native of Zhengyang in Lingling, initially joined Cao Cao and was appointed as an aide. Later, when Liu Bei occupied three commanderies in Jing Province, Liu Ba found himself unable to return north and was forced to flee to Jiaozhi (modern-day northern Vietnam). According to The Biographies of Lingling’s Former Worthies, Liu Ba once wrote to Zhuge Liang, explaining that he had endured great hardships to reach Jiaozhi, where the people understood righteousness and followed the will of Heaven. If truly left with no other choice, he would rather drift overseas than return to Jing Province. In response, Zhuge Liang urged him to recognize the situation, pointing out that Liu Bei was a man of great talent and vision who had already won the hearts of the people in Jing. However, Liu Ba insisted on fulfilling the mission assigned to him by Cao Cao.

Later, Liu Ba traveled from Jiaozhi to Shu. After Liu Bei secured Yi Province, Liu Ba voluntarily sought punishment for his past actions. Liu Bei did not hold it against him, and Zhuge Liang repeatedly recommended him, eventually securing his appointment as Aide to the Western Bureau under the Left General. The Biographies of Lingling’s Former Worthies also records an anecdote: Zhang Fei once visited Liu Ba’s residence, but Liu Ba ignored him. Zhuge Liang advised Liu Ba, saying that although Zhang Fei was a military officer, he deeply respected him, and given the urgent need for talent, he hoped Liu Ba would lower his guard. Liu Ba, however, replied, "A true man should associate with the heroes of the realm—how can I converse with a mere warrior?" When Liu Bei heard of this, he was furious and said, "I am striving to pacify the realm, yet you act with such arrogance!" This passage illustrates Zhuge Liang’s skill in mediating interpersonal relationships while also reflecting the divide between scholars and military officers of the time.

This passage records interactions between key figures during the Three Kingdoms period. Here's a modern interpretation of the relationships and events:

Liu Bei (styled Xuande) once remarked about Liu Ba (styled Zichu): "Zichu's talents are truly exceptional, but only I can properly employ him—others would likely find him difficult to manage." Zhuge Liang also modestly stated: "When it comes to strategic planning within the command tent, I'm far inferior to Zichu. But in boosting morale and commanding troops, I can at least consult with everyone."

During the campaign against Liu Zhang, Liu Bei made a pact with his officers: after capturing the city, he wouldn't take a single item from the government treasury. But when Chengdu fell, soldiers plundered treasures, causing military funds to run short. Liu Ba then proposed minting "Hundred-Value Coins" (a high-denomination currency) to stabilize prices and establish official markets. After Liu Bei adopted this plan, the state treasury was replenished within months.

Zhang Zhao, an important Eastern Wu minister, once criticized Liu Ba to Sun Quan for being narrow-minded and needlessly offending Zhang Fei. But Sun Quan defended Liu Ba: "If we expected Zichu to simply go with the flow and flatter Liu Bei, how could he be considered an outstanding scholar?"

The text then mentions Ma Liang (styled Jichang), the renowned Xiangyang scholar who stood out among the "Five Ma Brothers" (all named with the character chang) for having white eyebrows. When Liu Bei entered Shu, Ma Liang—who remained in Jing Province—wrote to Zhuge Liang addressing him as "honored elder brother" (possibly indicating sworn brotherhood or kinship). The letter celebrated the capture of Luo City as heaven's will and praised Zhuge Liang for assisting an enlightened ruler to restore the Han dynasty's glory.

The concluding passage discusses principles for selecting talent: one must choose personnel according to circumstances, like harmonizing music—allowing both refined court music and popular folk tunes their proper place to achieve the perfect harmony exemplified by the legendary musician Shi Kuang (a blind music master of the Spring and Autumn period). Later, when Liu Bei appointed Ma Liang as an aide to the General of the Left and sent him as envoy to Eastern Wu, Ma Liang asked Zhuge Liang to draft a recommendation letter. Zhuge Liang told him to compose it himself, which Ma Liang then did with perfect propriety.

This passage records the deeds of the brothers Ma Liang and Ma Su, renowned officials of the Shu Han kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period.

Ma Liang (courtesy name Jichang) was an important official in Shu Han. After Liu Bei declared himself emperor, he appointed Ma Liang as Palace Attendant. When Liu Bei launched his eastern campaign against Wu, he sent Ma Liang to the Wuling region to pacify the Wuxi tribes (southern ethnic minorities), where local chieftains all accepted Shu Han's official seals. Unfortunately, after Liu Bei's defeat at Yiling, Ma Liang was also killed. Liu Bei posthumously honored Ma Liang's son Ma Bing as Cavalry Commandant.

Ma Su (courtesy name Youchang), Ma Liang's younger brother, was exceptionally talented, particularly skilled in military strategy, and highly valued by Zhuge Liang. However, on his deathbed, Liu Bei warned Zhuge Liang: "Ma Su's words exceed his substance—he should not be entrusted with major responsibilities." Zhuge Liang disregarded this advice, still appointing Ma Su as Army Advisor and frequently engaging in all-night discussions with him.

According to the Xiangyang Records, during Zhuge Liang's southern campaign in the third year of Jianxing (225 CE), Ma Su accompanied him for dozens of miles. Ma Su advised: "The southern terrain is treacherous—relying solely on military suppression won't ensure lasting peace. As we prepare our northern expedition against Cao Wei, excessive military force in the south would only incite more rebellions. In warfare, winning hearts (securing popular support) is paramount; capturing cities is secondary." Zhuge Liang adopted this strategy, using conciliatory measures to subdue southern leaders like Meng Huo, thereby ensuring long-term stability in the south.

In the sixth year of Jianxing (228 CE), during Zhuge Liang's first northern expedition, he controversially promoted Ma Su as vanguard commander against all advice. Ma Su was defeated by Wei general Zhang He at Jieting, causing the complete collapse of Shu forces. Ma Su was consequently imprisoned and died at age thirty-nine. Zhuge Liang wept bitterly over this.

Before his death, Ma Su wrote to Zhuge Liang: "You treated me as your son, and I revered you as my father." This account reveals the profound mentor-disciple bond between them, while also reflecting Zhuge Liang's regret over his misjudgment in personnel selection.

This passage documents the interactions between Zhuge Liang, the chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, with several key figures, along with his governance philosophy.

Regarding Ma Su's execution after losing Jieting, Zhuge Liang adhered to the principle of "strict law enforcement." He explained to Jiang Wan: "In ancient times, Sun Wu achieved victory precisely because of rigorous legal implementation. Just as Wei Jiang executed Yang Gan for disrupting military discipline during the Spring and Autumn period, now that the realm is divided and warfare persists, how can we suppress rebels without upholding the law?" Though a hundred thousand soldiers wept for Ma Su, Zhuge Liang personally conducted memorial rites and cared for the deceased's orphaned children.

Chen Zhen (styled Xiaogi), a native of Nanyang, served as envoy to congratulate Sun Quan's imperial proclamation in 229 AD (7th year of Jianxing era). In correspondence with his elder brother Zhuge Jin, Zhuge Liang praised Chen Zhen as loyal, sincere, and growing more steadfast with age. At Wuchang, Chen Zhen formed an alliance with Sun Quan to divide the empire: Xu, Yu, You, and Qing provinces to Wu; Bing, Liang, Ji, and Yan provinces to Shu; with Si Province demarcated by Hangu Pass. Later, when Zhuge Liang discovered Li Ping's (styled Zhengfang) treacherous intentions, he specifically informed Chen Zhen.

Dong Yun (styled Xiuzhao), son of Dong He, was appointed to the crown prince's staff when Liu Bei designated Liu Shan as heir. Before the Northern Expeditions, concerned about the young ruler's inability to distinguish loyal from treacherous ministers, Zhuge Liang submitted a memorial recommending Dong Yun and others. He praised their impartiality and forthright counsel, advising that all palace affairs—great and small—be referred to them. This reflects Zhuge Liang's governance approach that balanced legal rigor with selecting virtuous, upright officials.

This passage recounts the deeds of Dong Yun and Fei Yi, officials of the Shu Han state during the Three Kingdoms period.

Dong Yun was an upright man who served as Palace Attendant (Shizhong), responsible for remonstrating with the emperor. He acted with perfect propriety and excelled at correcting faults. Once when Liu Shan wanted to expand his harem, Dong Yun cited ancient regulations to dissuade him, arguing that an emperor should have no more than twelve consorts. Though Liu Shan was displeased, he secretly held Dong Yun in awe.

There's a story that Dong Yun had prepared carriages for an outing with Fei Yi and others when the young official Dong Hui came to visit. Seeing they were about to depart, Dong Hui tried to excuse himself. Dong Yun insisted he stay, saying: "The purpose of our outing was to enjoy conversation with like-minded friends. Now that you're here, why would we abandon the present company to seek distant pleasures?" They canceled the trip, demonstrating Dong Yun's character of honoring worthy guests.

The text also records Dong Hui's diplomatic mission to Eastern Wu. During a banquet, Sun Quan deliberately challenged Fei Yi by asking whether Yang Yi and Wei Yan would rebel if Zhuge Liang died. When Fei Yi hesitated, Dong Hui cleverly intervened: "Though Yang and Wei have personal grievances, they harbor no rebellious intent. In these times when talent is needed, discarding capable men over suspicions would be like abandoning ships for fear of waves—no strategy for the long term." Sun Quan laughed heartily upon hearing this, and Zhuge Liang later praised Dong Hui and promptly promoted him to Attendant Officer in the Chancellor's Office.

(Note: "Palace Attendant" (Shizhong) was a close imperial advisor; "Leader of the Palace Guard" (Huben Zhonglangjiang) commanded the imperial guards; "Diplomatic Attendant" (Xuanxin Zhonglang) handled foreign relations; "Chancellor's Attendant Officer" (Chengxiangfu Shu) served in the chancellor's administrative office)

This account differs somewhat from Dong Hui's teachings. Both records originate from Xi's (Xi Zuochi) works, yet their contents are inconsistent. According to the main biography, Dong Hui held minor official positions in his youth. However, if he had already served as an official in the prime minister's office and was later appointed to govern Ba Commandery, his rank couldn't have been low. Therefore, Xi's account appears unreliable.

Lü Yi (styled Jiyang), a native of Nanyang, was promoted to Governor of Baxi during Zhuge Liang's consecutive military campaigns, which required troop reinforcements from various commanderies—though many refused to comply. Lü Yi proactively recruited five thousand soldiers for Zhuge Liang's army, maintaining discipline through both leniency and strictness to prevent desertions. Later, as Governor of Hanzhong, he concurrently served as Agricultural Supervisor, responsible for military provisions. After Zhuge Liang's death, he governed Guanghan and Shu Commanderies successively. Shu Commandery, being a major metropolis with a large population, saw rampant desertions and impersonations following Zhuge Liang's demise. Upon assuming office, Lü Yi strengthened oversight while patiently counseling the people. Within a few years, over ten thousand desertions were voluntarily reported. He eventually joined the imperial court as a Secretary, succeeding Dong Yun as Chief Secretary, where he handled affairs efficiently—visitors never had to wait long.

Peng Yang (styled Yongnian), a towering figure from Guanghan standing eight chi tall (approx. 1.85m), possessed striking looks but an arrogant disposition. Under Liu Zhang's governorship of Yi Province, he only attained the minor post of scribe before being slandered and punished with head-shaving and cangue-wearing, reduced to hard labor. When Liu Bei entered Shu, Peng Yang sought to join him and visited Pang Tong. Finding Pang Tong hosting guests, Peng Yang lay directly on his host's bed, declaring: "We'll talk after your guests leave." When the guests departed, Peng Yang first demanded food and wine before conversing with Pang Tong throughout the night. Both Pang Tong and Fa Zheng admired him and recommended him to Liu Bei, who also recognized his extraordinary talent. Peng Yang was frequently entrusted with delivering military orders and instructing generals—tasks he accomplished flawlessly, gaining increasing trust.

After conquering Chengdu, Liu Bei appointed Peng Yang—a commoner—as Chief Clerk of Yi Province through extraordinary promotion. This sudden elevation above his peers inflated Peng Yang's arrogance. Though Zhuge Liang treated him courteously outwardly, he privately warned Liu Bei multiple times: "Peng Yang's vaulting ambition may breed disaster." While Liu Bei respected Zhuge Liang's judgment, after personal observation...

This passage recounts the story of Peng Yang (courtesy name Yongnian), a Shu Han official during the Three Kingdoms period, who met his demise after inappropriate conduct following his demotion. After being reassigned as the governor of Jiangyang, Peng Yang harbored resentment and privately spoke treasonous words to Ma Chao, ultimately leading to his execution.

When Peng Yang learned of his transfer to a remote region, he was deeply displeased. He went to Ma Chao to vent his frustrations. Ma Chao asked him, "You are a man of great talent, and our lord (Liu Bei) has always held you in high regard, saying you should stand shoulder-to-shoulder with Zhuge Liang and Fa Zheng (courtesy name Xiaozhi). Why would he suddenly send you to a minor commandery? Doesn’t this betray everyone’s expectations?" Peng Yang angrily replied, "That old soldier has lost his wits—what more is there to say?" (Note: The term "old soldier" (老革) is an insult; "革" refers to leather, which was used to make armor in ancient times, so "老革" essentially means "veteran grunt," a slur against Liu Bei.)

Peng Yang then said to Ma Chao, "With you leading the armies abroad and me assisting from within, pacifying the realm would be as easy as turning over one’s hand." Ma Chao, a recent defector who had just submitted to Liu Bei, was shocked by these words and dared not respond. Later, he reported Peng Yang’s statements to Liu Bei.

While imprisoned, Peng Yang wrote a letter to Zhuge Liang defending himself. In it, he stated: "When I first observed the various warlords, I saw Cao Cao’s cruelty, Sun Quan’s tyranny, and Liu Zhang’s (General Zhenwei) incompetence. Only our lord possessed the talent to dominate the realm, which is why I pledged my loyalty. Through the introductions of Fa Zheng and Pang Tong, I met our lord at Jianmeng Pass, where we discussed strategies for governing and I proposed the plan to seize Yi Province, which he accepted. As an ordinary man, I was exceptionally promoted—such favor is unmatched in all the land!"

In the end, Peng Yang wrote remorsefully: "In a moment of arrogance, I brought about my own destruction and became a disloyal, unrighteous ghost. The ancients said that even a fool wouldn’t hold a map of the world in his left hand while slitting his own throat with his right—how much more should this apply to someone not entirely foolish like me?"

(Note: The phrase "分子之厚" refers to Liu Bei treating Peng Yang as kindly as a father would a son, which is why Peng Yang, in his letter, refers to himself as having betrayed a "kind father" and deserving of death. Nevertheless, he was ultimately executed.)

This passage recounts the story of Liao Li, an official of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. The gist is as follows:

Some people harbor discontent yet overestimate themselves, rashly proposing to defect to Jiangyang (modern-day Luzhou, Sichuan), completely misunderstanding our lord (Liu Bei)'s intentions. Later, after drunkenly misspeaking—uttering words like "our lord is growing old"—this was entirely due to my own foolish shortsightedness. In truth, our lord is not old; when it comes to achieving great deeds, what does age matter? King Wen of Zhou showed no signs of decline even at ninety.

I have betrayed the fatherly kindness shown to me and deserve death ten thousand times over. As for those rumors circulating both within and without, my original intent was simply for Ma Chao (styled Mengqi) to distinguish himself in the north, joining our lord in the campaign against Cao Cao. How could I have dared to entertain other thoughts? Ma Chao spoke rightly, though his words were unduly harsh.

In the past, I often made vows with Pang Tong, hoping to follow in your footsteps and devote myself to assisting our lord in establishing his legacy, ensuring our names would endure in history. Alas, Pang Tong died young, while I brought calamity upon myself through my own faults—I have only myself to blame. You (Zhuge Liang) are the Yi Yin and Lü Shang (renowned ancient statesmen) of our age and should focus on helping our lord fulfill his grand mission. The celestial deities and earthly spirits see all clearly, so I will say no more. I only hope you understand my true heart. Take care! In the end, Liao Li was still executed.

The passage adds biographical details about Liao Li: he was from Lin Yuan in Wuling and was recruited as an assistant when Liu Bei governed Jing Province. Before turning thirty, he was promoted to Grand Administrator of Changsha. After Liu Bei entered Shu, while Zhuge Liang was defending Jing Province, Sun Quan once sent an envoy inquiring about local talents. Zhuge Liang praised Pang Tong and Liao Li as outstanding talents of Chu. In the 20th year of Jian'an (215 AD), when Lü Meng launched a surprise attack on the three commanderies of Jing Province, Liao Li escaped and fled back to Liu Bei. Liu Bei, valuing past ties, did not punish him severely and appointed him as Grand Administrator of Ba Commandery. After Liu Bei declared himself King of Hanzhong, Liao Li was recalled to serve as Palace Attendant. When Liu Shan succeeded to the throne, he was transferred to the post of Colonel of Changshui.

Liao Li considered his talent and reputation second only to Zhuge Liang's, yet he was placed beneath Li Yan and others, which left him perpetually discontent. Later, he complained to Li He and Jiang Wan, subordinates of the chancellor, saying: "Back then, our late ruler failed to seize Hanzhong but instead contended with Wu over the three southern commanderies, ultimately losing them to Wu—all that effort wasted. After losing Hanzhong, he allowed Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He to penetrate deep into Ba, nearly costing us Yi Province, and only then did we finally take Hanzhong." These words revealed his resentment.

This account tells the story of Liao Li, an official of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. Originally holding the high-ranking position of Colonel of Changshui, Liao Li was demoted due to his arrogance and slanderous remarks about court affairs.

Liao Li's fundamental flaw lay in his inflated self-importance—he looked down on colleagues and openly criticized the court's personnel decisions, claiming mediocre individuals were being appointed. He even disparaged the late Emperor Liu Bei and senior ministers without restraint. Most egregiously, when someone praised the Shu army's excellent training, he merely glanced at the ceiling with contempt, scoffing "What's there to say about this?" In his memorial, Zhuge Liang detailed Liao Li's misconduct: disloyalty during Liu Bei's reign, surrendering Changsha by opening city gates, poor governance as Ba Commandery's governor, slandering generals during campaigns, and even wielding a sword near Liu Bei's coffin.

Zhuge Liang warned Liu Shan that Liao Li was like "a black sheep among the flock," especially dangerous given his high position. Ultimately, Liu Shan's edict compared Liao Li to the ancient troublemaker Sanmiao. Showing mercy by not executing him, the court exiled Liao Li to remote Wenshan Commandery—a barren frontier land.

Stripped of rank, Liao Li farmed in Wenshan with his family. Upon hearing of Zhuge Liang's death, he wept and lamented: "Now I'm doomed to remain among barbarians." When Jiang Wei's army later passed through Wenshan, they found Liao Li's demeanor unchanged despite exile—his speech retained its former character. He died in banishment, though his family eventually returned to Shu.

This episode illustrates Shu Han's strict stance against arrogance and political slander, reflecting Zhuge Liang's determination to reform official conduct. Though talented, Liao Li's moral failings destroyed his career, making him a historical cautionary tale.

Li Yan, whose courtesy name was Zhengfang, was a native of Nanyang. In the second year of Zhangwu (222 AD), Liu Bei summoned Li Yan to Yong'an Palace and appointed him as Imperial Secretary. The following year (223 AD), when Liu Bei fell gravely ill, Li Yan and Zhuge Liang jointly received the imperial edict to assist the young ruler Liu Shan. Li Yan was appointed Central Protector (a crucial military position overseeing both internal and external affairs) and stationed at Yong'an for defense. In the first year of Jianxing (223 AD), Liu Shan enfeoffed Li Yan as Marquis of Duxiang, granted him the imperial tally (a symbol of royal authority), and further honored him as Minister of the Imperial Household. By the fourth year of Jianxing (226 AD), Li Yan was transferred to the position of Front General. When Zhuge Liang prepared to march troops to Hanzhong, he assigned Li Yan to manage rear operations from Jiangzhou while leaving General Chen Dao to guard Yong'an—all these forces remained under Li Yan's command.

Li Yan once wrote to Meng Da: "Having shared the heavy responsibility of entrustment with Kongming (Zhuge Liang), I deeply feel the weight of our duty and long for capable partners." Zhuge Liang also praised Li Yan in a letter to Meng Da: "He handles affairs with the fluidity of floating clouds and flowing water, making decisive judgments without hesitation—such is Zhengfang's character." This demonstrates Li Yan's considerable stature at the time.

The Collected Works of Zhuge Liang records Li Yan urging Zhuge Liang to accept the Nine Bestowments (ancient ceremonial regalia symbolizing supreme honor) and claim the title of king. Zhuge Liang responded: "Our mutual understanding needs no elaboration. While you encourage glorifying our state and advise against rigid conventions, I—originally an ordinary scholar from the east—was exceptionally entrusted by the late Emperor, now holding the highest ministerial position with abundant emoluments. With our campaign against Cao Wei still unfinished and the late Emperor's kindness unrequited, presuming the royal pretensions of Duke Huan of Qi or Duke Wen of Jin would be unrighteous. Only after destroying Wei, executing Cao Rui (Emperor Ming of Wei), and restoring the Han Emperor could such honors—let alone nine, even ten bestowments—be considered."

In the eighth year of Jianxing (230 AD), Li Yan was promoted to General of Agile Cavalry. When Wei general Cao Zhen planned a three-pronged attack on Hanchuan, Zhuge Liang ordered Li Yan to lead twenty thousand troops to reinforce Hanzhong. Zhuge Liang memorialized to appoint Li Yan's son Li Feng as Jiangzhou Commander to assume his father's military duties. Preparing for next year's campaign, Zhuge Liang had Li Yan act as Chancellor's proxy under his Central Protector role—during which Li Yan changed his name to Li Ping.

In spring of the ninth year of Jianxing (231 AD), Zhuge Liang marched to Qishan while Li Ping supervised grain transportation. Continuous summer and autumn rains disrupted supplies. Li Ping dispatched aides Hu Zhong and Cheng Fan to recall Zhuge Liang's army. After the withdrawal, Li Ping feigned surprise, falsely claiming ample provisions and questioning the retreat to shift blame for logistical failures, while insinuating Zhuge Liang's error in halting the advance. He even memorialized Liu Shan alleging a tactical feigned retreat. Zhuge Liang publicly exposed the truth by presenting Li Ping's contradictory handwritten letters.

This document was an official memorial written by Zhuge Liang (courtesy name Kongming, posthumous title Marquis Zhongwu) to the imperial court, exposing the various transgressions of Li Ping (originally named Li Yan). The main points are as follows:

Since the passing of the late Emperor Liu Bei, Li Ping has focused solely on building his own power base, currying favor with petty acts of generosity to win people's hearts while pursuing personal fame, showing no concern for state affairs. When I (Zhuge Liang) needed him to dispatch troops to defend Hanzhong during the Northern Expeditions, he made endless excuses and instead demanded the establishment of a new Ba Province comprising five commanderies with himself as governor. Last year when I prepared for the western campaign, he secretly contacted Sima Yi and others, attempting to exploit my absence for personal gain.

I was well aware of Li Ping's reputation for greed and ambition, but considering the nation's precarious situation, I believed it better to maintain unity by treating him generously rather than exposing his faults. Yet he grew increasingly audacious—during critical military operations, he feigned illness, first retreating to Ju County, then fleeing to Jiangyang, only stopping after intervention by Army Advisor Hu Zhong. With Wei still unconquered and our state facing multiple crises, such behavior that endangers our grand enterprise must be dealt with severely.

For this purpose, I have jointly submitted this memorial with twelve senior commanders: Liu Yan, Wei Yan, Yuan Lin, Wu Yi, Gao Xiang, Wu Ban, Yang Yi, Deng Zhi, Liu Ba, Fei Yi, and Xu Yun. These signatories include leaders of the vanguard, rearguard, left and right divisions, as well as supervisors and protectors of the army—demonstrating this represents the collective opinion of the entire Northern Expedition forces.

The phrases used carry specific meanings: "establishing private offices and recruiting staff" (kaifu bizhao) refers to unauthorized creation of administrative bureaus; "leading others into wickedness" (daoren wei jian) indicates inciting misconduct; and "harboring rebellious intentions" (xianxin sui sheng) describes his developing treasonous mindset. Through concrete examples, Zhuge Liang demonstrates how Li Ping's actions have gravely endangered the Shu Han regime.

This passage records historical facts regarding Shu Han chancellor Zhuge Liang's handling of the Li Ping (also known as Li Yan) incident and the official appointments of Ma Zhong during the Three Kingdoms period.

Regarding Li Ping's demotion: After deliberation among Shu Han officials (including Ding Xian, Liu Min, Jiang Wei, Shangguan Yong, Hu Ji, Yan Yan, Cuan Xi, Du Yi, Du Qi, Sheng Bo, and Fan Qi), it was decided to remove Li Ping from his position, revoke his noble titles and stipends, confiscate his official seals and insignia, withdraw his fiefdom, and exile him to Zitong Commandery as a commoner.

Zhuge Liang later wrote a letter to Li Ping's son Li Feng, the gist being: "Our families once worked together to uphold the Han dynasty, witnessed by the gods. When I initially appointed Li Ping to guard the strategic eastern pass, I never harbored doubts. I believed this trust would endure, yet unexpected changes occurred. Historically, Chu state ministers were repeatedly demoted before reinstatement. I hope you can console your father and urge sincere reform. Though now dismissed, your household still retains over a hundred servants and guests, and you serve as Central Army Adjutant—still maintaining elite status. Should Li Ping truly repent and collaborate sincerely with Jiang Wan (styled Gongyan), reinstatement remains possible." While writing, Zhuge Liang reportedly sighed and wept.

In the 12th year of Jianxing era (234 CE), upon hearing of Zhuge Liang's death, Li Ping died from an outburst of illness-induced rage. He had persistently hoped for Zhuge Liang's rehabilitation, but subsequent leadership failed to fulfill this expectation, plunging him into grief and indignation.

Regarding Ma Zhong: Styled Dexin, this native of Langzhong in Baxi was appointed Gatekeeper-General when Zhuge Liang established his chancellor's office in 223 CE. During the 225 southern campaign, Zhuge Liang assigned him as Zangke Governor, where he effectively governed after suppressing rebellion by Assistant Prefect Zhu Bao, earning popular support. Recalled in 230 as Army Advisor to assist Chief Clerk Jiang Wan in chancellery affairs, he joined Zhuge Liang's Qishan campaign the following year for military planning. Later, he led General Zhang Ni and others to quell Wenshan rebellions upon the army's return.

This passage records the deeds of several important generals from the Shu Han kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period.

First was Zhang Zhong (courtesy name unknown), who succeeded Zhang Yi in pacifying southern rebellions and executed rebel leader Liu Zhou, earning him the title of Marquis of Boyangting. Known for his magnanimity and decisiveness, he skillfully balanced kindness with authority, earning both respect and affection from southern minority tribes. Upon his death, tribal chieftains spontaneously came to mourn him and established ancestral shrines in his honor.

Next was Liu Yan (courtesy name Weishuo), a native of Shandong's Lu State, an eloquent speaker enfeoffed as Marquis of Duxiang. Living extravagantly, he maintained dozens of maids skilled in music and dance, even teaching them to recite the "Rhapsody on the Lingguang Palace of Lu." In the 10th year of Jianxing (232 CE), after clashing with Wei Yan and making improper remarks, he was reprimanded by Zhuge Liang. In his written apology, Liu Yan admitted his naturally impulsive nature and alcohol indulgence while expressing gratitude for Zhuge Liang's consistent tolerance. Ultimately, Zhuge Liang allowed him to retain his position and return to Chengdu.

Lastly, Wei Yan (courtesy name Wenchang), from Yiyang in Henan, was made Marquis of Duting in the 1st year of Jianxing (223 CE). During Zhuge Liang's northern expeditions, as Front Army Commander, he achieved a major victory against Wei general Guo Huai at the Battle of Yangxi, subsequently promoted to General Who Conquers the West and Marquis of Nanzheng. Frequently proposing divided-force tactics inspired by Han Xin's strategies, his suggestions were consistently rejected by Zhuge Liang as too risky. Wei Yan often complained about Zhuge Liang's excessive caution, lamenting his talents being underutilized.

Through these specific cases, the text reveals the three generals' distinct personalities: Zhang Zhong's magnanimous decisiveness, Liu Yan's flamboyant eloquence, and Wei Yan's bold arrogance. It simultaneously reflects Zhuge Liang's approach to personnel management—harnessing his commanders' strengths while carefully mitigating risks.

The Weilue records that when Xiahou Mao (Cao Cao's son-in-law) served as General of Pacifying the West guarding Chang'an, Zhuge Liang was discussing military affairs with his subordinates in Nanzheng. Wei Yan proposed: "I've heard Xiahou Mao is the son-in-law of Wei's young ruler—a timid man lacking strategic acumen. Grant me 5,000 elite troops and 5,000 supply carriers. Departing from Baozhong, we'll traverse the Qinling Mountains eastward before turning north through the Ziwu Valley. Within ten days we can reach Chang'an. Seeing our surprise attack, Xiahou Mao will surely flee by boat. Then Chang'an will be left only with civilian officials like the Censor and Capital Governor. Seizing the Hengmen granary stores will fully supply our army. By the time Wei reinforcements from the east assemble—requiring at least twenty days—you, Prime Minister, can march through the Xie Valley to support us. We'll then secure all territory west of Xianyang in one stroke."

Zhuge Liang deemed this plan too risky, preferring the secure approach of advancing through the open roads of Longyou where success was certain and retreat routes safeguarded. Thus he rejected Wei Yan's strategy. Though an exceptional commander renowned for valor, Wei Yan's arrogant and self-important nature made colleagues yield to him—except Yang Yi (Zhuge's Chief Clerk), with whom he clashed irreconcilably.

In the 12th year of Jianxing (234 AD), during Zhuge Liang's northern expedition through Beigukou, Wei Yan served as vanguard. Camped ten li from headquarters, he dreamed of horns growing from his head and consulted dream interpreter Zhao Zhi. Zhao deceitfully declared: "The qilin has horns but doesn't use them—an omen of victory without battle." Privately however, he confided: "The character for 'horn' (角) splits into 'knife' (刀) over 'use' (用)—a blade upon the head portends great calamity." That autumn, as Zhuge Liang fell gravely ill, he secretly convened Yang Yi, Fei Yi, and Jiang Wei to plan the army's withdrawal, assigning Wei Yan as rear guard with Jiang Wei as secondary, instructing them to retreat without Wei Yan if he disobeyed.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Yang Yi concealed the news and sent Fei Yi to probe Wei Yan. Enraged, Wei Yan retorted: "Though the Prime Minister has died, I remain with the army! We should escort his coffin home while continuing the campaign against Wei—how can one man's death halt our sacred cause? Should a man of my stature submit to Yang Yi's command as mere rear guard?" He demanded Fei Yi cosign orders to the generals. Fei Yi feigned agreement: "I'll persuade Chief Clerk Yang—a civilian unversed in warfare who'll surely comply," then galloped away. Wei Yan regretted not detaining him, but pursuit proved futile.

This passage records the power struggle between Wei Yan and Yang Yi following the death of Zhuge Liang, chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. The events unfolded as follows:

On his deathbed, Zhuge Liang secretly instructed Wei Yan and others to maintain careful defense after his passing, avoid reckless actions, and temporarily entrusted military affairs to Wei Yan while arranging funeral matters discreetly. Wei Yan followed these orders, proceeding with the coffin to Baokou before publicly announcing the mourning. However, Yang Yi, the Chief Clerk (chancellor's secretary) who had long been at odds with Wei Yan, grew fearful of persecution upon seeing Wei Yan assume military authority. He spread rumors that Wei Yan intended to defect to Wei with his troops, using this pretext to attack Wei Yan's forces.

Wei Yan, who harbored no rebellious intentions, could only retreat when suddenly assaulted. Yang Yi dispatched Ma Dai in pursuit, ultimately killing Wei Yan and several of his sons. This account likely originated from Wei kingdom sources and differs from Shu Han's official records.

Yang Yi, styled Weigong, hailed from Xiangyang. In the third year of Jianxing (225 CE), Zhuge Liang appointed him as Army Advisor (military staff officer), promoting him five years later to Chief Clerk concurrently serving as Pacification General. During Zhuge Liang's northern expeditions, Yang Yi efficiently handled troop deployments and supply logistics, earning deep trust through his exceptional administrative abilities. Yet Zhuge Liang often lamented the conflict between Yang Yi and Wei Yan—while Yang Yi possessed outstanding talent and Wei Yan demonstrated unmatched battlefield prowess, both were rare assets to the state.

After Zhuge Liang's death at Wuzhang Plains in 234 CE (12th year of Jianxing), Yang Yi led the army back to Chengdu and eliminated Wei Yan. Believing he deserved to succeed Zhuge Liang as regent for his achievements, he even consulted the Zhouyi (Book of Changes) for divination, obtaining the "Family" hexagram (implying he should remain in his current position)—a result that left him deeply dissatisfied. In truth, Zhuge Liang had already recognized Yang Yi's narrow-mindedness during his lifetime and had designated Jiang Wan as his successor.

This passage records the deeds of several important officials of Shu Han:

Fei Yi (courtesy name Wenwei) was promoted to Imperial Secretary and concurrently served as Governor of Yi Province, while Yang Yi (courtesy name Weigong) was appointed as Central Army Supervisor but without real authority. Earlier, Yang Yi had served as Imperial Secretary under Liu Bei, with Fei Yi as Imperial Secretary Attendant. Both later became Chief Clerk and Army Advisor to Chancellor Zhuge Liang. Yang Yi often undertook heavy responsibilities during military campaigns and, considering himself more senior and capable than Fei Yi, harbored resentment, frequently voicing complaints. At that time, people feared his unrestrained speech and avoided him, except for Rear Army Supervisor Fei Yi who visited to console him. Yang Yi complained to Fei Yi: "When the Chancellor passed away, had I led the troops to defect to Wei, how could I have ended up in this situation? Now it's too late for regrets." Fei Yi secretly reported these words, and in the 13th year of Jianxing (235 CE), Yang Yi was stripped of rank and exiled to Hanjia Commandery. After arriving, Yang Yi again submitted memorials slandering the court with inflammatory language, leading to his arrest by local officials and eventual suicide.

Wang Lian (courtesy name Wenyi), a native of Nanyang, served as Commandant of Stationed Cavalry and concurrently as Chancellor's Chief Clerk in the 1st year of Jianxing (223 CE), enfeoffed as Marquis of Pingyang Ting. When southern commanderies rebelled, Zhuge Liang planned to personally lead the campaign. Wang Lian remonstrated that these were remote, miasma-ridden lands unsuitable for risking a key state minister. Though Zhuge Liang considered other generals insufficiently capable and still wished to lead personally, he postponed the campaign due to Wang Lian's earnest劝阻. Wang Lian passed away before the expedition. His son Wang Shan inherited the title and rose to Governor of Jiangyang.

Xiang Chong served as General of the Standard under Liu Bei. During the Battle of Zigui, only his camp remained intact. Enfeoffed as Marquis of Duting in the 1st year of Jianxing, he later served as Central Commander overseeing imperial guards. Before the Northern Expeditions, Zhuge Liang memorialized to Emperor Liu Shan recommending him: "General Xiang Chong possesses virtuous character and impartial judgment, excelling in military affairs—the late Emperor praised his capability. I believe all military matters may be consulted with him, ensuring harmony among officers and appropriate assignments." Later promoted to Central Army Commander, he died in 240 CE during campaigns against southern tribes in Hanjia Commandery. His younger brother Xiang Chong served successively as Commandant of Rapid as Tigers and Imperial Secretary.

Zhang Yi (courtesy name Junsi), a Chengdu native, mastered the Gongyang Commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals and Records of the Grand Historian/Book of Han. When renowned scholar Xu Jing (courtesy name Wenxiu) of Runan entered Shu, he praised Zhang Yi's quick-witted talent as comparable to Zhong Yao (courtesy name Yuanchang), a famous Central Plains scholar. During Liu Zhang's rule, Zhang Yi was nominated as Filial and Incorrupt.

This passage records several pivotal experiences of Zhang Yi (courtesy name Junsi), an official of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. When Zhang Fei advanced from Jingzhou through Dianjiang to attack Yizhou, Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yizhou, dispatched Zhang Yi to lead troops in resisting at the foot of Deyang Slope. However, he was defeated and retreated to Chengdu. Later, Liu Zhang sent Zhang Yi as an envoy to Liu Bei, who promised to treat Liu Zhang with courtesy and pacify the people. Only after Zhang Yi returned to the city were the gates reopened.

After Liu Bei pacified Yizhou, he appointed Zhang Yi as the Administrator of Ba Commandery and later transferred him to the position of Director of Metalworking, responsible for manufacturing agricultural tools and weapons. At the time, Zheng Ang, the Administrator of Yizhou Commandery, was murdered by the local strongman Yong Kai, who held considerable influence in the region and even secretly colluded with Sun Quan of Wu. Liu Bei then sent Zhang Yi to serve as the Administrator of Yizhou, but upon arrival, he was captured by Yong Kai. Under the pretense of divine will, Yong Kai claimed that Zhang Yi was outwardly refined but inwardly crude, making him unworthy of execution, and instead had him bound and sent to Wu.

After Liu Bei's death, when Zhuge Liang dispatched Deng Zhi as an envoy to Wu, he specifically instructed him to secure Zhang Yi's return. Having lived in exile in Wu for years, Zhang Yi was initially unknown to Sun Quan, who agreed to release him. Before his departure, Sun Quan summoned Zhang Yi and teased him about Shu customs by referencing the story of Zhuo Wenjun eloping with Sima Xiangru. Zhang Yi cleverly retorted that Zhuo Wenjun was at least more virtuous than Zhu Maichen’s wife. Sun Quan then probed further, suggesting that Zhang Yi would surely be highly valued upon returning to Shu and asking how he would repay him. Zhang Yi replied that he was returning in disgrace, with his fate left to the court, and that if his life were spared, the rest of his days would be owed to Sun Quan’s mercy. This exchange greatly impressed Sun Quan.

After leaving, Zhang Yi immediately hastened his journey. True to form, Sun Quan sent men in pursuit, but Zhang Yi had already crossed into Shu territory at Yong’an. Upon his return, Zhuge Liang appointed him as an Army Advisor, overseeing affairs in the Chancellor’s office, and later as Concurrent Administrator of Yizhou. When Zhuge Liang launched his Northern Expeditions, Zhang Yi remained in Chengdu as Colonel of the Rapid as Tigers. He often emphasized the importance of impartial rewards and punishments: rewards should not neglect the remote, and punishments should not favor the close; rank should not be granted without merit, nor should penalties be waived for the powerful. The following year, when he traveled north to meet Zhuge Liang, the carriages and horses of those seeing him off lined the roads—a testament to his reputation.

This passage records the deeds of Yang Hong (courtesy name Jixiu), a renowned minister of the Shu Han kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period. A native of Wuyang in Qianwei, when Liu Bei urgently needed troop deployments during the Hanzhong campaign, military advisor Zhuge Liang sought his counsel. Yang Hong analyzed: "Hanzhong is the strategic throat of Yizhou, vital to Shu Han's survival. Given the critical situation, all able-bodied men must fight while women handle logistics—we must dispatch reinforcements immediately." As Shu Commandery Administrator Fa Zheng was accompanying Liu Bei's northern expedition, Zhuge Liang petitioned to appoint Yang Hong as acting administrator.

Proving highly competent, Yang Hong was soon confirmed as Shu Commandery Administrator and later promoted to Yizhou Assistant Inspector. During Liu Bei's retreat to Yong'an after the disastrous Wu campaign, Huang Yuan—the rebellious Hanjia Administrator who opposed Zhuge Liang—seized the moment to revolt, setting fire to Linqiong City. With Zhuge Liang away visiting the critically ill Liu Bei and Chengdu left defenseless, Yang Hong decisively advised Crown Prince Liu Shan to dispatch imperial guards for suppression. While others feared Huang Yuan might besiege Chengdu or occupy Nanzhong, Yang Hong discerned the rebel's brutal nature and lack of popular support, predicting he would flee downstream. He thus ordered Chen Hu and Zheng Chuo to ambush at Nan'an Gorge, where Huang Yuan was captured alive.

In the first year of Jianxing (223 CE), Yang Hong was enfeoffed as Marquis Within the Passes while retaining his posts as Shu Commandery Administrator and Loyalty General, later becoming Commandant of Yue Cavalry still governing Shu Commandery. By 227 CE, when Zhuge Liang planned the Northern Expedition and considered appointing the brilliant but temperamental Zhang Yi as Chief Secretary of the Headquarters, Yang Hong frankly advised that despite Zhang's competence, his partiality made him unsuitable, recommending the more equitable Revenue Clerk Xiang Lang instead. These accounts demonstrate Yang Hong's military acumen and discernment of character as a key Shu Han statesman.

This passage recounts the deeds of Shu Han officials Yang Hong and He Zhi during the Three Kingdoms period, illustrating Zhuge Liang's philosophy of employing talent.

Yang Hong initially enjoyed a close relationship with Zhuge Liang. However, when Yang's son Yang Yu was punished for a minor offense and Yang Hong failed to intercede on his behalf, a rift developed between them. Later, Yang Hong suspected Zhuge Liang of intentionally sidelining him, but Zhuge Liang clarified in a letter: he had always regarded Yang as a sworn friend (shijiao), likening their bond to ancient sages who recommended former rivals to spur mutual growth, or severed familial ties to demonstrate integrity. This explanation made it clear Yang Hong hadn't acted from personal motives. Though not deeply learned, Yang was loyal, incorruptible, and exceptionally filial toward his stepmother, eventually passing away while in office.

He Zhi came from humble origins—forthright and pleasure-loving, with little regard for frugality, which initially hindered his advancement. As a military supervisor, he was accused of negligence. When Zhuge Liang planned surprise inspections of his cases, He Zhi memorized all case files overnight. His flawless recitation the next day astonished Zhuge Liang, who promptly promoted him to concurrently govern Chengdu and Pi counties. These strategically important counties near the capital had complex affairs, all of which He Zhi managed superbly.

Through these concrete examples, the text reveals Zhuge Liang's talent for recognizing and appointing capable individuals: he disregarded personal grievances, valued practical ability, and employed even flawed men if they demonstrated genuine competence. It also reflects the administrative ethos of Shu Han officials.

This passage records interactions between Zhuge Liang (styled Kongming, posthumously titled Marquis Zhongwu), the chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, and several subordinates, illustrating his principles of employing talent.

There was a man named He Zhi who possessed remarkable abilities—while others slept, he remained alert, always uncovering deceitful acts, making everyone fear his exposés. He also had a special skill: when others reported accounts, he could mentally calculate the results after hearing them just once, without the slightest error, demonstrating extraordinary meticulousness.

Fei Shi (styled Gongju) hailed from Nan'an County in Qianwei Commandery. In the third year of Jianxing era, he accompanied Zhuge Liang on the southern expedition. Upon returning to Hanyang County, the surrendered Wei general Li Hong came to see Zhuge Liang, with both Jiang Wan and Fei Shi present. Li Hong mentioned: "Recently I met Meng Da, who told me that when Wang Chong returned from the south, he said that when Meng Da defected, you were so furious you wanted to execute his entire family, but fortunately Liu Bei disagreed. Yet Meng Da claimed Chancellor Zhuge treated people consistently and wouldn't act so harshly." After hearing this, Zhuge Liang told Jiang Wan and Fei Shi: "When we return to Chengdu, we should write Meng Da a letter." Fei Shi bluntly objected: "A petty man like Meng Da—first disloyal to Liu Zhang, then betraying our late lord—such a fickle turncoat isn't worth corresponding with." Zhuge Liang remained silent. In truth, Zhuge Liang wanted to recruit Meng Da as an external ally and eventually wrote the letter, reminiscing about old ties and expressing understanding of Meng Da's situation. After receiving it, Meng Da repeatedly contacted Zhuge Liang about defecting from Wei, but Sima Yi swiftly crushed his rebellion. Recognizing Meng Da's insincerity, Zhuge Liang withheld reinforcements.

When Jiang Wan assumed governance, he appointed Fei Shi as Remonstrance Counselor. Fei Shi eventually passed away at home. Du Wei (styled Guofu) from Fu County in Zitong studied under Ren An of Guanghan in his youth. Though Liu Zhang summoned him to office, he declined citing illness. After Liu Bei pacified Shu, Du Wei feigned deafness and lived in seclusion. In the second year of Jianxing, when Zhuge Liang concurrently served as Governor of Yizhou and sought worthy talents, he specially had Du Wei brought by sedan chair, appointing Qin Mi as Assistant Inspector (a deputy position), Wang Liang as Merit Officer (in charge of personnel), while persistently offering Du Wei the post of Registrar (document officer). Despite Du Wei's repeated refusals, Zhuge Liang insisted on personally receiving him.

This passage records the correspondence between Zhuge Liang of the Three Kingdoms period and a hermit named Wei, along with the story of diviner Zhou Qun.

Zhuge Liang wrote to Master Wei expressing his admiration: "I have long heard of your virtuous character, yet never had the opportunity to seek your counsel in person. Worthy men like Wang Yuantai often praise you, but regrettably we've never met. Though my abilities are meager, I hold an important position, which fills me with apprehension. Our sovereign (referring to Liu Shan) is but eighteen years of age—benevolent, wise, and virtuous—while all under heaven yearn for the restoration of the Han dynasty. I hope you might align with heaven's will and the people's hearts to assist this enlightened ruler in achieving great deeds." Master Wei declined, citing old age and illness. Zhuge Liang wrote again analyzing the situation: "Cao Pi's usurpation and self-proclamation as emperor is but an empty title held by a puppet. We are conserving our strength, awaiting the opportune moment to launch a punitive expedition. Your virtuous guidance in governance would suffice—no need for military involvement—why rush into reclusion?" Ultimately, the court respected Wei's wishes and appointed him as Grand Master of Remonstrance.

Another section recounts the story of diviner Zhou Qun (courtesy name Zhongzhi). From youth, he studied the art of celestial divination (ancient practice of interpreting heavenly phenomena to predict fortune) under his father Zhou Shu, with remarkably accurate predictions. After Liu Bei conquered Shu, he appointed Zhou as Commandant of the Confucian Scholars. When Liu Bei planned to seize Hanzhong, Zhou prophesied: "You may gain the territory but not the people's hearts; if you dispatch a contingent force, it will surely meet defeat." His colleague Zhang Yu (courtesy name Nanhe) likewise advised against the campaign, but Liu Bei disregarded them. Though Liu Bei secured Hanzhong, his generals Wu Lan and Lei Tong suffered total annihilation, fulfilling Zhou's prophecy. Later, Zhou Qun was recommended as a Maocai (a Han dynasty talent selection category).

This passage records the deeds of several figures from the Shu Han kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period, focusing on two main characters:

First is Zhang Yu (courtesy name Nanhe), who was skilled in divination and prophecy. In the Gengzi year (220 CE), he predicted that "the Liu dynasty's vital energy (Qi) is nearing its end—our lord (Liu Bei) will lose Yizhou nine years after gaining it, during the Yin-Mao years." Later, when Liu Bei met with Liu Zhang at Fucheng, Zhang Yu attended as Liu Zhang's subordinate. Noticing Liu Bei's beardless face, Zhang Yu mockingly cited an典故 about an official who couldn't decide whether to write "Lu" or "Zhuo" for his new post title, eventually combining them as "Luzhuo Jun" (a pun meaning "bare and smooth," mocking hairlessness). Liu Bei harbored resentment and later imprisoned Zhang Yu under the pretext that "his Hanzhong prophecies were inaccurate." Though Zhuge Liang petitioned for clemency, Liu Bei justified the execution by saying "even fragrant orchids must be uprooted if they grow by the gate." Yet subsequent events—Cao Wei's imperial proclamation and Liu Bei's death—proved Zhang Yu's predictions correct. Zhang Yu also practiced physiognomy; he often studied his own face in mirrors, foreseeing his violent death, which frustrated him to the point of smashing the mirrors.

Next is Lai Min (courtesy name Jingda), a descendant of the Eastern Han general Lai Xi. After Liu Shan ascended the throne, Lai served as Tiger Guard Commandant. When Zhuge Liang garrisoned Hanzhong, he appointed Lai as Army Sacrificial Wine (military advisor). However, Lai presumptuously flaunted his seniority, openly complaining that newcomers undeservedly took his positions. Zhuge Liang publicly reprimanded him for aged arrogance, recalling how after Chengdu's pacification, some had warned that Lai would disrupt military morale—the Late Emperor (Liu Bei) had tolerated him only due to the nascent state's circumstances. Since he failed to lead by example, Zhuge Liang dismissed Lai from office, ordering him to reflect at home.

The passage briefly mentions Yin Mo (courtesy name Siqian) from Zitong's Fu County. While Yizhou scholars then favored modern-script Confucian classics over detailed exegesis, Yin Mo had mastered their essential teachings.

In his youth, Zhuge Liang traveled far to Jing Province to study ancient classics under scholars like Sima Decao (Sima Hui) and Song Zhongzi, becoming thoroughly versed in various Confucian and historical texts. He particularly specialized in the Zuo Zhuan commentary, memorizing the annotations of earlier scholars like Liu Xin, Zheng Zhong, Jia Kui and his son, Chen Yuanfang, and Fu Qian to the point where he could recite them without consulting the original texts. After Liu Bei pacified Yi Province, he appointed Zhuge Liang as Quanxue Congshi (Director of Education). When designating Liu Shan as crown prince, Liu Bei further appointed him as Taizi Puye (Crown Prince's Tutor), responsible for teaching Liu Shan the Zuo Zhuan. After Liu Shan ascended the throne, Zhuge Liang was appointed Jianyi Dafu (Grand Master of Remonstrance). Later, while stationed in Hanzhong, he was made Military Jijiu (Military Advisor). Following Zhuge Liang's death, he returned to Chengdu and was granted the title of Dazhong Dafu (Grand Master of the Palace). His son, Zhuge Zong, inherited the family's scholarly tradition and became a Boshi (Erudite Scholar).

Qiao Zhou, styled Yunnan, hailed from Xichong County in Baxi Commandery. His father, Qiao [Shanbing], styled Rongshi, was well-versed in the Book of Documents, various Confucian classics, and esoteric prognostication texts, yet declined appointments from provincial authorities. Orphaned in childhood, Qiao Zhou lived with his mother and elder brother. As he grew, he became deeply engrossed in ancient texts, studying diligently. Despite his family's poverty, he never sought to acquire property, often reading to the point of laughing joyfully to himself and forgetting to eat or sleep. He excelled particularly in the Six Classics, was skilled in calligraphy, and knowledgeable in astronomy, though he paid little attention to the writings of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Standing eight chi tall, Qiao Zhou was simple and sincere in character—unskilled in debate but profound in insight. During the Jianxing era (223-237), when Zhuge Liang served concurrently as Governor of Yi Province, he appointed Qiao Zhou as Quanxue Congshi. The Records of Shu notes: When Qiao Zhou first met Zhuge Liang, the attendants laughed at him. Afterwards, officials requested an investigation, but Zhuge Liang said, "Even I couldn’t help wanting to laugh—how much more so for them?" Upon hearing of Zhuge Liang’s death at the front, Qiao Zhou immediately rushed to mourn. Though the court had prohibited officials from leaving their posts without authorization, only he managed to arrive swiftly before the edict took full effect.

Huang Quan, styled Gongheng, was a native of Langzhong in Baxi Commandery. When Liu Bei launched his eastern campaign against Wu, he appointed Huang as General Who Guards the North to command the northern river forces against Wei. After Liu Bei’s defeat and retreat, with his return route cut off, Huang Quan found himself unable to return to Shu and had no choice but to surrender to Wei with his troops. Judicial officers requested the arrest of Huang’s family, but Liu Bei declared, "It is I who failed Huang Quan, not he who failed me," and continued treating Huang’s family as before. Pei Songzhi (the historian who annotated the Records of the Three Kingdoms) commented: Emperor Wu of Han executed Li Ling’s entire family upon hearing slander, while Liu Bei rejected legal officials’ proposal to punish Huang Quan’s family—the difference in magnanimity between these two rulers was truly vast. As the Book of Songs states, "Happy and courteous is the noble man, who protects and nurtures his descendants"—this praises precisely such benevolent rulers.

This historical account chronicles the diplomatic maneuvers and personal stories between the states of Shu Han, Eastern Wu, and Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period.

When questioned by Emperor Wen of Wei (Cao Pi), Sun Quan (Quan) candidly explained his decision to submit to Eastern Wu rather than Shu Han: he had originally received generous treatment from Liu Bei (the Liu sovereign), but after suffering defeat, he had no path back to Shu Han and could only seek refuge in Eastern Wu to preserve his life. Emperor Wen of Wei praised his honesty. Later, rumors spread that Sun Quan had killed Liu Bei’s wife and children, but knowing these were false, Sun Quan did not immediately issue a public denial.

When news of Liu Bei’s death reached Wei, the court officials all offered congratulations—except for Sun Quan. Sima Yi (Sima Xuanwang) admired this restraint and wrote to Zhuge Liang praising Huang Quan (styled Gongheng) as a forthright man. Huang Quan was posthumously honored as "Marquis Jing," and his son Huang Yong inherited the title but left no heirs. Another son, Huang Chong, who remained in Shu, served as a Secretary-Lang and followed Zhuge Zhan in resisting Deng Ai. When Zhuge Zhan hesitated in battle, Huang Chong tearfully urged decisive action, ultimately dying heroically in the Battle of Mianzhu.

Another passage recounts how Li Hui (styled De’ang) was appointed by Liu Bei as the Commander of Laixiang. Li Hui, a native of Yuyuan in Jianning, volunteered to succeed Deng Fang after the latter’s death in this critical role overseeing the southern regions. Quoting Confucius’ principle of "assigning duties according to ability" and the Han general Zhao Chongguo’s declaration that "an old minister can still be of use," he persuaded Liu Bei. The sovereign laughed, admitting this had been his very intention, and appointed Li Hui to administer Jiaozhou affairs, stationing him in Pingman County. Pei Songzhi’s commentary notes that "Laixiang" referred to a southern territory over two thousand li from Shu, where the Ning Province had not yet been established. This office was created specifically to govern the region, and it was only during the Taishi era of the Western Jin dynasty that Ning Province was formally partitioned.

This passage records historical events during the Three Kingdoms period, including Zhuge Liang's southern expedition and Lü Kai's defense of Yongchang.

After Liu Bei's death, powerful local leaders in the Nanzhong region (present-day Yunnan) rebelled: Gao Ding acted arrogantly in Yuexi Commandery (modern-day Xichang, Sichuan), Yong Kai dominated Jianning Commandery (today's Qujing, Yunnan), and Zhu Bao raised troops in Zangke Commandery (within present-day Guizhou).

Zhuge Liang led his army southward, first dispatching Li Hui (courtesy name De'ang) to advance from Yuexi while he himself took the route through Jianning. Rebel forces from various counties jointly surrounded Li Hui's troops. At the time, Li Hui was outnumbered and had not received any updates from Zhuge Liang, so he feigned surrender to the Nanzhong locals, saying: "The imperial army has exhausted its supplies and is preparing to withdraw. I have been away from my homeland for too long and wish to return—I have no desire to march north again. I want to collaborate with you." The Nanzhong people believed him and relaxed their encirclement. Seizing the opportunity, Li Hui launched a surprise attack and crushed the rebels, pursuing them all the way to the Pan River, where he reunited with Zhuge Liang's forces. For his outstanding military achievements, Li Hui was enfeoffed as Marquis of Hanxing and promoted to General Who Pacifies Han. Later, when the southern tribes rebelled again and killed the defending officers, Li Hui personally led the punitive campaign, relocating the rebel leaders to Chengdu and requisitioning local resources to replenish military supplies.

Lü Kai (courtesy name Jiping) was a native of Buwei County in Yongchang Commandery (now Baoshan, Yunnan). At the time, Yong Kai and others, hearing of Liu Bei's death, grew even more insolent. Protector Li Yan sent a letter urging them to reconsider, but Yong Kai arrogantly replied, "Now that the realm is divided into three, we do not know whom to submit to." Yong Kai sought to become the governor of Yongchang, but the commandery was remote and isolated from Shu. Lü Kai and the assistant magistrate Wang Kang led the local troops and civilians in defending the border, refusing Yong Kai entry. Lü Kai wrote back refuting Yong Kai and declaring his loyalty to Shu-Han.

Through these specific examples, the text illustrates the complex challenges Zhuge Liang faced during his southern expedition, as well as the loyalty and strategic acumen of commanders like Li Hui and Lü Kai. The place names and official titles mentioned reflect the administrative divisions and military deployments in the Nanzhong region at the time.

This passage records the correspondence between Zhuge Liang (Marquis Zhongwu), the chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, and military commanders of the Nanzhong region (present-day Yunnan), along with related historical events. The core content concerns Zhuge Liang's admonitions urging local commanders to recognize the political situation and pledge loyalty to Shu Han.

Zhuge Liang begins with heartfelt anguish: "All under heaven mourn the decline of the Han dynasty. As ministers, we should exhaust our strength and sacrifice even our lives to rescue the nation from peril. Your family has received generations of imperial favor from the Han court. You ought to rally your troops and take the lead in action—above repaying the state, below honoring your ancestors—so your achievements may be recorded in history for eternity. How can you imitate those disloyal ministers of Wu and Yue who abandoned their roots?"

He cites historical exemplars: the sage-king Shun, who labored for the people until his death at Cangwu (modern Yongzhou, Hunan), earning eternal praise in historical records. He references Kings Wen and Wu of Zhou who established their dynasty, King Cheng who stabilized the realm, and the late Emperor Liu Bei (founder of Shu Han) who rose in accordance with heaven's will. Yet the commander fails to perceive the cyclical patterns of historical rise and fall—like wildfire across plains or ice upon rivers, what remains when flames die and ice melts?

Employing historical analogies, he continues: "Your ancestor Marquis Yong (referring to the Nanzhong warlord Yong Kai) received enfeoffment despite past grievances. Dou Rong, the northwestern warlord of Eastern Han, recognized the times and submitted to Emperor Guangwu, leaving an admirable legacy. Now I, Zhuge Liang, bear the heavy responsibility of the late emperor's dying entrustment, assisting the young sovereign to restore the Han dynasty, holding no grudges against any. If you, commander, can reform and follow ancient exemplars, it would not be difficult."

He concludes sternly: "When Chu showed disrespect to the Zhou Son of Heaven, Duke Huan of Qi launched a punitive expedition. When King Fuchai of Wu arrogantly sought hegemony, Jin prevented his lasting dominance. How much less should a minister serve illegitimate rulers—who would genuinely submit? By ancient rites, ministers must not engage in private cross-border communications, hence my previous silence toward your letters. Now I explicitly clarify the stakes—may you consider carefully."

The text also records deeds of Lü Kai and Wang Kang, officials of Yongchang Commandery (modern Baoshan, Yunnan). For over a decade in Nanzhong, they held firm against threats from Yong Kai and Gao Ding's rebel forces. During Zhuge Liang's southern campaign, he memorialized praising their loyalty, appointing Lü Kai as Governor of Yunnan (enfeoffed as Marquis of Yangqian) and Wang Kang as Governor of Yongchang (enfeoffed as Village Marquis). Tragically, Lü Kai was later killed by rebellious tribal forces, with his son Lü Xiang inheriting the title.

This passage records the deeds of two important officials from Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period: Wang Ping and Jiang Wan.

Wang Ping distinguished himself in the Battle of Jieting. At that time, Ma Su ignored advice and suffered a crushing defeat, but only Wang Ping's thousand-man unit maintained formation. By beating war drums to create a false impression of strength, he deterred the Wei general Zhang He from pursuing, ultimately managing to regroup the scattered troops and retreat successfully. After Zhuge Liang executed Ma Su, Wang Ping was promoted to the position of Army Advisor (Canjun), commanding five military divisions and receiving the titles of General Who Subdues Bandits (Taokou Jiangjun) and Marquis of a Village (Tinghou). Later, during the Battle of Qishan, he successfully repelled Zhang He's attack. After Zhuge Liang's death, he quelled Wei Yan's rebellion and was promoted to General Who Pacifies Han (Anhan Jiangjun), eventually becoming the Military Governor of Hanzhong (Hanzhong Dudu).

Jiang Wan was equally renowned as his cousin Liu Min in his youth. When he first served as magistrate of Guangdu County, he nearly faced severe punishment from Liu Bei for neglecting administrative duties while intoxicated, but was spared thanks to Zhuge Liang's intercession. Zhuge Liang recognized Jiang Wan as a talent for statecraft who should not be overlooked. In the first year of Jianxing (223 CE), when Zhuge Liang established his administrative office, he recruited Jiang Wan as the East Section Officer (Dong Cao Yuan) and later promoted him to Army Advisor (Canjun). During Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions, Jiang Wan and Zhang Yi jointly managed rear-area logistics, ensuring steady supplies of provisions and reinforcements, demonstrating exceptional administrative ability. In the eighth year of Jianxing (230 CE), Jiang Wan succeeded Zhang Yi as Chief Clerk of the Chancellor's Office (Chengxiang Zhangshi) and was additionally granted the title of General Who Pacifies the Army (Fujun Jiangjun).

This passage recounts the deeds of Zhuge Liang, the Chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, and his successors Jiang Wan and Fei Yi.

During his lifetime, Zhuge Liang often praised Jiang Wan (courtesy name Gongyan) for his loyalty and integrity, considering him a capable individual who could jointly uphold the Shu Han dynasty. In a confidential memorial to Emperor Liu Shan, Zhuge Liang recommended that, should anything happen to him, state affairs be entrusted to Jiang Wan. After Zhuge Liang’s death, Jiang Wan was indeed appointed as the Imperial Secretary (Shangshu Ling) and later granted additional titles such as Acting Protector-General (Xing Duhu) and Imperial Commissioner (Jia Jie, wielding authority on behalf of the emperor). He also served as the Inspector of Yi Province (Yizhou Cishi), rose to the rank of Grand General (Da Jiangjun), and was put in charge of the Imperial Secretariat (Lu Shangshu Shi), eventually being enfeoffed as the Marquis of Anyang Ting. At the time, Shu Han had just lost its paramount leader, and both the court and the populace were unsettled. Yet Jiang Wan remained composed, behaving as usual—neither excessively grieving nor appearing overly pleased—gradually earning the trust and respect of all.

Jiang Wan’s son, Jiang Bin, inherited his father’s noble title and served as the General Who Pacifies Martial Might (Suiwu Jiangjun) and Protector of Hancheng (Hancheng Hujun). When the Wei general Zhong Hui (courtesy name Shiji) led his troops to Hancheng, he wrote to Jiang Bin expressing his admiration, stating that although Shu had many talented individuals, he held Jiang Bin in the highest esteem. Zhong Hui also requested permission to pay respects at Zhuge Liang’s tomb. Jiang Bin replied, informing him that his father was buried in Fu County. When Zhong Hui arrived there, he indeed performed the rites according to proper ceremony.

Fei Yi (courtesy name Wenwei) was a native of Meng County in Jiangxia. Orphaned at a young age, he lived under the care of his uncle Fei Boren. Fei Boren’s aunt was the mother of Liu Zhang, the Governor of Yi Province (Yizhou Mu). When Liu Zhang sent envoys to welcome Fei Boren, Fei Yi accompanied him to Shu to pursue his studies. After Liu Bei conquered Yi Province, Fei Yi remained in Shu and became renowned alongside Xu Shulong and Dong Yun. On one occasion, when Xu Jing lost his son, Dong Yun and Fei Yi went together to offer condolences. Dong Yun appeared uneasy when asking his father for a carriage, while Fei Yi remained calm and composed. This incident led Dong Yun’s father to recognize Fei Yi’s superior bearing. Later, when Liu Bei established his heir apparent, Fei Yi and Dong Yun both served as Palace Attendants (Taizi Sheren).

This passage recounts the life and deeds of Fei Yi, a high-ranking official of the Shu Han kingdom. Initially serving alongside Dong Yun as an attendant to the crown prince, Fei Yi was later promoted to the position of household tutor. After Liu Shan ascended the throne, he became a palace attendant. When Zhuge Liang returned from his southern campaign, numerous officials traveled great distances to welcome him back. Though Fei Yi was neither particularly senior in age nor high in rank at the time, Zhuge Liang notably invited him to share his carriage—a gesture that immediately elevated Fei Yi's standing in the eyes of his peers.

Zhuge Liang dispatched Fei Yi as an envoy to Eastern Wu, where he faced the quick-witted Sun Quan and eloquent Wu officials like Zhuge Ke and Yang Dao. Yet Fei Yi consistently held his own in debates, responding with principled arguments. Sun Quan took pleasure in questioning him about state affairs while he was inebriated, and though Fei Yi would initially defer due to drunkenness, he later provided meticulously reasoned answers that deeply impressed the Wu ruler, who even gifted him a treasured personal dagger.

Promoted to palace attendant, Fei Yi was appointed as an army advisor during Zhuge Liang's northern campaigns. His diplomatic missions to Wu were invariably successful. In the eighth year of the Jianxing era, he rose to the rank of Central Protector of the Army and later became an army marshal. At the time, tensions between Wei Yan and Yang Yi often escalated to drawn swords, but Fei Yi repeatedly mediated their conflicts, ensuring both could contribute effectively during Zhuge Liang's lifetime.

Following Zhuge Liang's death, Fei Yi served as Rear Army Advisor before succeeding Jiang Wan as Imperial Secretary. His extraordinary memory allowed him to process documents with remarkable speed while simultaneously receiving guests and attending to entertainment—all without compromising efficiency. When Dong Yun attempted to emulate his working methods upon succeeding him, the result was a cascade of errors within just ten days.

This passage records stories of several key figures from the Shu Han period during the Three Kingdoms era. First is the comparison between Fei Yi (courtesy name Wenwei) and Jiang Wan (courtesy name Gongyan). Jiang Wan lamented that Fei Yi's talents far surpassed his own, as Fei could handle government affairs tirelessly throughout the day.

Later in the seventh year of Yanxi (244 CE), when Fei Yi served as Grand General, the Wei army invaded Xingshi (north of present-day Yang County, Shaanxi). Ordered to lead troops in defense, Fei Yi remained composed even when Guanglu Dafu Lai Min came to visit during the military emergency. While battle reports kept arriving and soldiers stood armored ready for action, Fei Yi calmly played a game of Go with Lai Min. Lai Min later explained this was a test of character, proving Fei Yi truly possessed the capability for great responsibilities. Fei ultimately repelled the enemy forces and was enfeoffed as Marquis of Chengxiang.

The account then shifts to Jiang Wei (courtesy name Boyue), originally from Jixian County in Tianshui (present-day Gangu, Gansu). Recruited by Zhuge Liang as a Granary Officer (in charge of grain storage) and granted the title of Righteous General, Jiang Wei earned praise in Zhuge Liang's letters to Zhang Yi and Jiang Wan. Zhuge commended Jiang's loyalty, diligence, meticulous thinking, and talents surpassing Li Shao (courtesy name Yongnan) and Ma Liang (courtesy name Jichang), calling him Liangzhou's outstanding talent. Zhuge particularly emphasized training five to six thousand elite Tiger Infantry troops first, noting Jiang Wei's military expertise, exceptional courage, mastery of strategy, and devotion to the Han cause—qualities worthy of presenting to Emperor Liu Shan.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wei returned to Chengdu. Well-versed in western tribal customs and confident in both civil and military abilities, he sought alliances with Qiang and Hu tribes as supporting forces, believing he could capture territories west of Long Mountain. However, each time he planned major campaigns, Fei Yi restricted his troops to no more than ten thousand.

The Han-Jin Chronicles record Fei Yi telling Jiang Wei: "We are far inferior to Chancellor Zhuge Liang. Even he couldn't pacify the Central Plains—how could we? Better to first protect the state and people, preserve our foundation, and await more capable individuals. Don't gamble everything on one risky battle. If we fail, regret would be too late."

The final section describes Jiang Wei's retreat when Deng Ai approached Chengdo. Conflicting reports circulated—some claimed Zhuge Zhan (Zhuge Liang's son) was defeated, others said Emperor Liu Shan would defend Chengdu to the death, flee to Eastern Wu, or escape to Jianning in Nanzhong (present-day Yunnan). Jiang Wei thus withdrew his army via Guanghan's Qi Route (modern Santai, Sichuan), seeking to verify the actual situation first.

This historical account records a series of events following the surrender of Shu Han general Jiang Wei to the Wei state during the Three Kingdoms period. When Jiang Wei received the surrender order from Emperor Liu Shan, he had no choice but to lay down his arms and submit to Wei general Zhong Hui at Fucheng. The Shu soldiers, filled with grief and indignation, vented their fury by slashing their swords against stones.

When Zhong Hui met Jiang Wei, he asked: "Why have you come so late?" With solemn expression and tearful eyes, Jiang Wei replied: "That I can meet you today is already remarkably swift." Zhong Hui recognized this as no ordinary man. He treated Jiang Wei and his officers favorably, temporarily returning their official seals and ceremonial regalia. The two became close companions, sharing the same carriage and sitting mat. Zhong Hui told his Chief Clerk Du Yu: "Comparing Jiang Wei (styled Boyue) with Central Plains luminaries like Zhuge Dan (styled Gongxiu) and Xiahou Xuan (styled Taichu), the latter pale in comparison." Though Shu Han's officials were all talents of their age, none surpassed Jiang Wei.

Later, Zhong Hui framed Deng Ai, sending him back to the capital under guard while taking Jiang Wei and others to Chengdu, where he proclaimed himself Governor of Yizhou and plotted rebellion. Jiang Wei, discerning Zhong Hui's treacherous intentions, saw an opportunity to create chaos and potentially restore Shu Han. He advised Zhong Hui: "Since the Huainan campaign, your strategies have never failed—Jin's prosperity owes everything to your merit. Now with Shu pacified and your might shaking the realm, while the people praise your achievements, the ruler must fear your cunning. Han Xin never betrayed Emperor Gaozu during the chaotic times, yet faced suspicion in peace; Wen Zhong ignored Fan Li's advice to retire to the lakes and ultimately took his own life. Having achieved fame and success, why not emulate Fan Li's boating retirement to preserve your life?"

Zhong Hui replied: "Your words reach too far—this I cannot do. There may be another way." Jiang Wei hinted: "As for other ways, with your wisdom, this old man need say no more." Their bond deepened further. According to the Chronicles of Huayang, Jiang Wei incited Zhong Hui to execute the northern Wei generals, planning to kill Zhong Hui after their deaths, massacre the Wei troops, and restore Shu Han's sovereignty. He secretly wrote to Emperor Liu Shan: "May Your Majesty endure temporary humiliation for a few days—your servant shall turn danger into safety and restore our rightful rule."

Jin dynasty historian Sun Sheng recorded in the Annals of Jinyang that during the Yonghe era, while accompanying General Anxi to pacify Shu, he heard local elders recount how Jiang Wei had secretly memorialized Liu Shan after his surrender, explaining his feigned submission to Zhong Hui while preparing to kill him and restore their kingdom.

This passage recounts the historical circumstances and evaluations of Jiang Wei, a Shu Han general during the Three Kingdoms period.

Pei Songzhi (commentator of the Records of the Three Kingdoms) considered Chen Shou's criticism of Jiang Wei to be unjust. When Zhong Hui's army reached Jiange (present-day Jiange County, Sichuan), Jiang Wei and other generals defended the strategic position so effectively that Zhong Hui nearly withdrew. However, Deng Ai's surprise attack via the Yinping mountain path and Zhuge Zhan's subsequent defeat led to Chengdu's fall. Had Jiang Wei retreated to rescue Chengdu, Zhong Hui would have pursued him—an impossible dilemma. Blaming Jiang Wei for not making a last stand at Mianzhu (modern Deyang, Sichuan) to protect Liu Shan is unreasonable.

Later, Zhong Hui sought Jiang Wei's alliance against Wei, offering him command of elite troops as vanguard. Had this plan succeeded, Jiang Wei could have eliminated Zhong Hui and restored Shu Han. The eventual failure shouldn't invalidate the strategy's merit, just as condemning the Warring States strategist Tian Dan for occasional failures would be unfair.

When Zhong Hui was about to grant Jiang Wei 50,000 troops, Wei soldiers mutinied, killing both commanders. According to Shiyu, Jiang Wei's corpse was later dissected, revealing a "gallbladder as large as a peck measure"—symbolizing his extraordinary courage.

Xi Zheng, a Shu Han official, praised Jiang Wei: "As supreme general ranking above all ministers, he lived in modest quarters with no accumulated wealth, kept no concubines or entertainments. His clothing, food, and carriage met basic needs, and he spent his salary freely. This wasn't ostentatious asceticism, but genuine contentment." Such restraint was exceptional among contemporary elites.

This passage recounts the deeds of two key figures from Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period: Jiang Wei and Deng Zhi.

Regarding Jiang Wei, the author critiques the common tendency to judge heroes by their ultimate success or failure. People often disparage Jiang Wei simply because he met defeat in battle and saw his family perish, but such criticism violates the Spring and Autumn Annals' principle of balanced praise and censure. In truth, Jiang Wei was diligent in study, lived with frugality, and stood as a model of virtue for his time.

Deng Zhi, styled Bomiaо, hailed from Xinye in Henan and was a descendant of Deng Yu, the Eastern Han Minister over the Masses. After entering Shu during the late Han period, he initially went unrecognized. When the Yizhou official Zhang Yu (renowned for physiognomy) predicted Deng Zhi would become a general-in-chief and receive a marquisate in his seventies, Deng later joined Pang Xi, Governor of Baxi. After Liu Bei pacified Yizhou, Deng Zhi supervised the granary in Pi County. During Liu Bei's inspection tour, their conversation so impressed the ruler that Deng was promoted to Pi County magistrate, then Guanghan Administrator—governing with incorruptible strictness and outstanding achievement before being transferred to the central government as a Secretary.

When Liu Bei lay dying at Yong'an, Sun Quan sought reconciliation. Though Liu Bei dispatched Song Wei and Fei Yi multiple times, Zhuge Liang feared Sun Quan might act unpredictably upon learning of Liu Bei's death. Deng Zhi proactively proposed sending an envoy to restore relations with Wu. Zhuge Liang responded: "This very concern has troubled me—now I've found the right man for the task: you yourself." Initially hesitant to receive Deng Zhi, Sun Quan relented after Deng memorialized that his mission served Wu's interests as much as Shu's. During their audience, Sun Quan frankly admitted fearing Shu's child ruler and vulnerable position might invite Wei's aggression. Deng Zhi countered that Wu-Shu collectively held four provinces, with Sun Quan as a contemporary hero and Zhuge Liang a peerless talent. Shu possessed strategic terrain while Wu controlled the Yangtze's natural defenses—allowing joint advancement to dominate the realm or secure a tripod balance through retreat. Should Wu submit to Wei, he argued, Wei would demand Sun Quan's court attendance and his heir as hostage; refusal would provoke attack while Shu could descend the Yangtze to coordinate strikes.

This passage documents the historical events of the Wu-Shu alliance during the Three Kingdoms period and the life of Deng Zhi.

Originally allied with Wei, Sun Quan changed his mind after being persuaded by Deng Zhi, who warned him, "The lands south of the Yangtze may no longer belong to Your Majesty." After a long silence, Sun Quan acknowledged Deng Zhi's point and severed ties with Wei, forming an alliance with Shu instead. He sent Zhang Wen as an envoy to Shu, and in return, Shu dispatched Deng Zhi once more to Wu.

Sun Quan remarked to Deng Zhi, "If peace prevails under heaven, wouldn’t it be ideal for our two states to govern separately?" Deng Zhi replied, "There cannot be two suns in the sky, nor two sovereigns on earth. After we eliminate Wei, Your Majesty may not yet recognize the Mandate of Heaven. By then, rulers will assert their virtue, ministers will pledge their loyalty, and war will only just begin." Sun Quan laughed heartily and said, "Your candor lives up to its reputation."

As an envoy, Deng Zhi facilitated the Wu-Shu alliance. When Zhuge Liang launched his Northern Expeditions, he appointed Deng Zhi as Central Supervisor of the Army and General Who Spreads Martial Might. After Zhuge Liang’s death, Deng Zhi was promoted to Vanguard Counselor, Vanguard General, and concurrently Governor of Yan Province, receiving the title of Marquis of Yangwu. Later, he was stationed in Jiangzhou, where Sun Quan frequently corresponded with him and sent generous gifts.

In the sixth year of Yanxi (243 CE), Deng Zhi was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry. In the eleventh year (248 CE), when the people of Fuling rebelled, he led troops to suppress the revolt, executing the rebel leaders and restoring peace for the common people. According to the Records of Huayang, during the campaign in Fuling, Deng Zhi spotted a black gibbon on the mountain. Fond of archery, he shot and wounded it. Later, he struck a mother gibbon carrying her young. Witnessing the infant gibbon trying to remove the arrow and tend to its mother, Deng Zhi lamented having violated the nature of living beings and foresaw that retribution would follow.

Deng Zhi served as a high-ranking general for over twenty years, enforcing clear rewards and punishments while caring for his soldiers. He lived simply, never amassed personal wealth, and at times, his wife and children suffered hunger and cold. At his death, his household had no surplus possessions. Stern and uncompromising in character, he lacked social grace and was not widely respected in his time, though he held Jiang Wei in high regard. His son, Deng Liang, inherited his noble title and served as Left Selection Gentleman of the Imperial Secretariat during the Jingyao era (258–263 CE). Later, under the Jin dynasty, he became Administrator of Guanghan.

Zhang Yi, styled Bogong, was a native of Wuyang County in Jianwei Commandery. In the ninth year of the Jianxing era (231 CE), he was appointed as the Commander of Laixiang (military governor of the southern regions) and concurrently as General Who Pacifies the South. Though Zhang Yi enforced laws strictly, his rigidity alienated the local minority tribes. When the tribal leader Liu Zhou rebelled, Zhang Yi led troops to suppress the uprising.

Before the conflict was resolved, the imperial court abruptly recalled him to the capital. His subordinates urged him to return swiftly to plead his case, but Zhang Yi refused, saying: "This would not be right. I am being recalled for failing to govern the southern barbarians effectively, yet my successor has not arrived. Now that I am at the frontlines, I must continue stockpiling provisions and preparing to quell the rebellion—how can I neglect state affairs just because of my own demotion?" He remained at his post until his successor, Ma Zhong, arrived to take over. Later, Ma Zhong capitalized on the foundation Zhang Yi had laid and ultimately crushed Liu Zhou’s revolt.

When Chancellor Zhuge Liang learned of this, he greatly admired Zhang Yi’s conduct. Later, when Zhuge Liang launched a campaign in Wugong, he appointed Zhang Yi as Vanguard Commander and concurrently as Administrator of Fufeng. After Zhuge Liang’s death, the court posthumously recognized Zhang Yi’s contributions in suppressing Liu Zhou’s rebellion and granted him the title of Marquis Within the Passes.